Issues of conservation and reconstruction: Italian and international contributions and responsibilities 

• Problems of ownership date back to the early 18th century when Maurice, Prince d’Elbeuf, made extravagant “gifts” of antiquities to those from whom he sought favours or funds. Many significant statues from Herculaneum were dispersed across Europe as a result.

• Today, theft remains a major problem. Small items that were on display between the 1930s and 1960s have been stolen, and increasingly more artefacts must be removed from the sites and kept in secure storage for safekeeping.

• In November 2003, it was decided that, in the near future, all removable decorations, pottery, capitals, and columns would gradually be transferred to museums or storage facilities and replaced with replicas onsite. Additionally, the CCTV system will be upgraded, and 30 of the most significant houses will be fitted with alarm systems.

• The illicit trade in antiquities—especially through London and Switzerland—continues to be a major problem. In recent years, conventions such as the UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects have been established to discourage this trade.

• A landmark agreement signed by the US and Italy in 2001 protects Roman archaeological material by prohibiting the importation into the US of any artefact lacking a corresponding export permit from Italy.

• An earthquake in 1980 caused major damage to the sites. Much of what has been discovered over the past 200 years has also deteriorated due to exposure to the elements and a lack of effective protection.

• Many buildings, as we see them today, are reconstructions, often with clear indications showing where modern restoration continues from ancient remains.

• Structures require roofing to protect their contents; however, many protective roofs and awnings have decayed or collapsed. Painted notices and frescoes left in their original positions are now exposed to sun and rain, causing damage and fading. Dampness has also penetrated walls, further harming frescoes.

• Earlier attempts at rebuilding and consolidation, especially from the 1930s onwards, have created problems that have only become apparent in recent decades. Structures are now disintegrating.

• In 1998, a new law granted Pompeii autonomy from the Ministry of Culture, allowing it to retain entry fees from visitors. As a result, the site’s budget increased from approximately US$3 million to US$9 million.

• It has been estimated that more than US$300 million is needed to bring Pompeii to an acceptable level of consolidation and conservation for the excavated area alone.

• In 2001, a multi-million-dollar project was launched to preserve and enhance Herculaneum. Funding comes from the Packard Humanities Institute (California) and is run in collaboration with other institutes.

• It is hoped that a worldwide appeal for funds and resources can significantly assist in preserving Pompeii, Herculaneum, and nearby villas for future generations.

Recent Developments in Conservation and Reconstruction

Increased Funding and International Collaboration:

• Since the early 2000s, conservation efforts have seen increased funding from both Italian authorities and international partners, including UNESCO, the European Union, and private foundations. These collaborations have supported large-scale restoration projects and the development of sustainable site management plans.

Digital Documentation and Monitoring:

• Advances in 3D laser scanning, photogrammetry, and drone technology have enabled highly accurate digital documentation of Pompeii and Herculaneum. These tools assist in monitoring structural stability, degradation, and the impact of environmental factors in real-time, allowing for proactive conservation interventions.

Improved Protective Structures:

• New roofing and shelter solutions have been implemented over key areas, including fragile frescoes and mosaics. Lightweight, transparent materials that allow natural light while protecting from rain and UV damage are increasingly used.

Community Engagement and Tourism Management:

• Authorities have focused on balancing tourism with conservation needs. Visitor numbers are managed through timed entry tickets, and educational programs promote responsible tourism. Local communities are involved in preservation efforts, benefiting from sustainable tourism development.

Combatting Illicit Trade:

• Efforts to combat illicit trafficking of antiquities continue, with enhanced customs cooperation and digital databases tracking stolen items. Italy has strengthened laws and enforcement, and international agreements help curb illegal exports.

Climate Change and Environmental Challenges:

• Recent research highlights climate change as an emerging threat, with increased rainfall, temperature fluctuations, and pollution accelerating deterioration of exposed structures. Conservation strategies now incorporate climate resilience measures.

Ongoing Restoration Projects:

• High-profile restoration projects have continued, including the stabilisation of the Villa of the Mysteries in Pompeii and preservation of key public buildings and residences in Herculaneum. These projects often combine traditional craftsmanship with modern conservation science.

Innovative Materials and Methods:

• Scientists are testing new materials for consolidation and cleaning that are reversible and cause minimal damage. Nanotechnology and bio-consolidation techniques are being explored for stone and fresco preservation.