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Quantum Theory and the Electronic Structure of Atoms
Quantum Theory and the Electronic Structure of Atoms
QN, Atomic Orbitals, Electron Configuration, The Building-Up Principle
Introduction | Matthew Joseph C. Dionela
Topics covered in this reviewer notes:
Atomic Mass of Isotopes
Quantum Numbers
Periodic Trends
[1] Introduction.pdfQuantum numbers, Electronic structure of atoms| Khan Academy
This video gives a discussion on Quantum Numbers (n, l, ml, and ms) as well as the electronic structure of atoms. It also briefly discusses the difference of the Bohr model from the model used in quantum mechanics in terms of orbit and orbital.
Quantum Numbers, Atomic Orbitals, and Electron Configurations | Professor Dave Explains
This video has another version of discussion for the Quantum Numbers (n, l, ml, and ms) and atomic orbitals supplemented with practice examples on how to determine Quantum Numbers. The video also explains the Pauli-exclusion principle, Aufbau principle, Electron configuration, and Hund’s rule.
Electronic Structure of Atoms
This article comprehensively discusses the electronic structure of atoms and gives a summary of all topics under it. It also includes discussions on Quantum Numbers, Atomic Orbitals, Electron Configuration, and other important rules/principles relating to the main topic.
Periodic Relationships Among the Elements
Periodic Relationships Among the Elements
Periodic Classification, Periodic Variation in Physical Properties, Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity
The periodic table - classification of elements | Khan Academy.
This video gives an introduction to the structure of the periodic table, discusses the classification of elements, groups & periods, metals & non-metals (not including transition metals), as well as the variation in physical properties of the different groups.
The Periodic Table: Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity | Professor Dave Explains
This video gives an introduction to the history and structure of the periodic table. It delves into periodic trends: atomic radius/size, ionic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity. with easy-to-follow visualizations and examples of how to determine the different trends of the elements in the periodic table.
Periodic Properties of the Elements.
This article comprehensively covers Periodic Classification, Periodic Variation in Physical Properties, Ionization Energy, and Electron Affinity. It also contains hyperlinks to further discussions on the development of the periodic table, shielding and effective nuclear charge, sizes of atoms and ions, as well as other periodic trends and properties.
Chemical Bonding I. Basic Concepts
Chemical Bonding I. Basic Concepts
Lewis Dot Symbols, The Ionic Bond, The Covalent Bond, Electronegativity, Writing Lewis Structures
Lewis Diagrams Made Easy: How to Draw Lewis Dot Structures | Ketzbook
The video above discusses Lewis Dot Symbols and how to draw Lewis Dot Structures. It teaches a 5-step rule to guide students in drawing Lewis Dot Structures. It also includes examples/exercises for students to practice.
There is no single video that discusses Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond, and Electronegativity in simplicity. Hence, it is recommendable to read the article instead to cover all topics for week 2
Introduction to Chemical Bonding.
This article includes in-depth discussions on Lewis Diagrams, Ionic Bonding, Covalent Bonding, Electronegativity, and writing Lewis Structures. The article also includes extra concepts/principles that are important to remember while studying the aforementioned topics.
Chemical Bonding II. Molecular geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
Chemical Bonding II. Molecular geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
Molecular Geometry, Dipole Moments
Geometry and Dipole Moment | Matthew Joseph Dionela
Topics covered in this reviewer notes:
VSEPR Theory
Geometry of Molecules Chart
[2] Geometry and Dipole Moment.pdfVSEPR Theory and Molecular Geometry. | Professor Dave Explains
The video discusses Molecular Geometry through the VSEPR (valence shell electron pair repulsion) Theory. The video introduces different molecular geometries and will teach students how to predict the shape of molecules through the said VSEPR theory.
There is no single video that discusses Dipole Moments in simplicity. Hence, it is recommendable to read the article instead to cover all topics for week 3
Geometry and Dipole Moment
The article talks about Molecular Geometry and Dipole Moments with a review on the VSEPR theory/notation, molecules with more than one central atom, and bond angles. It also includes a chart of molecular geometry with some examples for determining geometric structures. Dipole moments and determining polarity were also discussed comprehensively in the article.
Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids
Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Liquids and Solids, Intermolecular Forces, Properties of Liquids, Phase Changes, Phase Diagrams
Gases
Gases
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases, Deviation from Ideal Behavior
Intermolecular Forces and Boiling Points | Professor Dave Explains
This video includes a discussion on Intermolecular Forces (ion-ion, ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, and Van der Waals) and Boiling points.
Phase Changes, Heats of Fusion and Vaporization, and Phase Diagrams. | Professor Dave Explains
This video includes a discussion on phase changes (among solids, liquids, and gases) , phase diagrams, as well as Heats of Fusion and Vaporization.
KMT and Liquid & Solid Properties | Ellis, K.
This video lecture includes a discussion on Kinetic Molecular Theory of gases, properties of gases, Deviation from Ideal Gas (real gas), and properties of liquids.
The gas laws | The Science Classroom
This video includes an easy-to-follow discussion with sample problems on the Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, Gay-Lussac’s Law, Avogadro’s Law, and the Combined Gas Law.
Intermolecular Forces - The Forces that Hold Condensed Phases Together.
This article includes a comprehensive discussion on intermolecular forces (dipole-dipole, london-dispersion, and hydrogen bonds) and intramolecular forces with some example exercises to test students’ knowledge about the topic.
Kinetic-Molecular Theory.
This article discusses the general Kinetic Molecular Theory, but with a focus on that of gases. It also discusses gas pressure, measuring pressure, and units of gas pressure with some examples to solve.
Solids, Liquids, and Gases - A Molecular Comparison.
This article comprehensively delves into the properties of solids, liquids, and gases, while also touching on the Kinetic Molecular Theory of each.
Interpreting Phase Diagrams.
This article includes a discussion on phase diagrams, its purpose, and how to interpret it. The article gives an organized summary of the topic through key points, discussion of terms, and an example phase diagram.
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Amounts of Reactants and Products, Limiting Reagents, Reaction Yield
Stoichiometry: Limiting Reactant, Left Over Excess Reactant, Percent Yield | Maribel, M.
This video includes an in depth discussion on amounts of reactants and products, limiting reagents, percent yield, and theoretical yield, by solving an example problem through stoichiometry. It also includes a short review on writing balanced equations. This video discussion is also a simulation of an easy-to-follow synchronous class for only 35 minutes.
The Mole: Avogadro's Number and Stoichiometry. | Professor Dave Explains.
This video includes a discussion on the mole and Avogadro’s Number, with a review on molar mass in relation to mole. After this would be a comprehensive discussion on stoichiometry with some solving examples.
Reaction yields.
This article includes a discussion on amounts of reactants and products, limiting reactants, percent yield, as well as some solving examples and key concepts regarding the topics.
Reactions in Aqueous Solution and Physical Properties of Solutions
Reactions in Aqueous Solution and Physical Properties of Solutions
Types of Solutions, Concentrations Units, Concentration of Solutions
Concentration units. | Dr. David Kreller Chemistry
This video includes a discussion on Concentration units - molarity, mass fraction, molality, ppn, and ppb. The video also explains why there are so many different units.
3 types of solutions. | MooMooMath and Science
This video includes a visually-comprehensive discussion on solvent, solute, tonicity, and the three types of solutions - isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic.
Solutions and Solution Concentration
This article includes a discussion on solutions, mixtures, concentrations of solutions, molarity, and example problems to solve.
Types of solutions - Some terminology.
This article includes a discussion on more types of solutions and a touch on some terminologies about solutions such as miscibility and solubility.
Chemical Kinetics
Chemical Kinetics
Rate of a Reaction, Rate Law, The relation between reactant concentration and time, activation energy and temperature dependence of rate constants, catalysts
Chemical Kinetics | Matthew Joseph Dionela
Topics covered in this reviewer notes:
Chemical Kinetics
Rate Expression
Rate Law
Integrated Rate Law
Arrhenius Equations
[3] Chemical Kinetics.pdfReaction rates and stoichiometry - Chemistry tutorial. | TheChemsitrySolution.
This video includes a brief introduction to reaction rates and includes examples of calculating average reaction rates and reaction rates of reactants or products relative to other reactants or products using stoichiometry. Do note that these examples will make use only of a single chemical reaction, occurring under closed conditions, constant volume, and without build up of reaction intermediates.
Writing rate laws for reaction mechanisms using rate determining step - Chemical kinetics. | The Organic Chemistry Tutor.
This video includes a discussion on rate laws and how to write them using rate determining step. It also talks about elementary steps or elementary reactions whose rate law can be written from molecularity or from the coefficients of the balanced reaction.
Factors affecting the rate of the reaction - Chemical kinetics. | The Organic Chemistry Tutor.
This video includes a discussion on five factors that affect reaction rates. These include nature of reactants, concentration, surface area, catalysts (and activation energy), and temperature.
Chemical kinetics.
This article includes a discussion on general chemical kinetics and its theory and practice. It also discusses the definitions of reaction rate, rate law, rate constant, and integrated rate law, with several examples that establish the relationship of time and chemical reactions. The article is generally comprehensive and discusses other sub-topics in-depth under chemical kinetics such as Direct-Computation Fixed-Time Integral Methods, Curve-Fitting Methods, etc. Such may not be included/required in the BASCHEM syllabus, but may still be useful for future reference or research.
Rate Laws.
This article includes a discussion on rate laws. It first explains the form and function of a rate law, teaches how to use rate laws to calculate reaction rates, and how to use rate and concentration data to identify reaction orders and derive rate laws. The specific examples given are focused on writing rate laws from reaction orders, determining a rate law from initial rates, and determining rate laws from initial rates. The latter part of the article also emphasizes on some remarks about reaction order and rate constant units.
Chemical Equilibrium
Chemical Equilibrium
The Concept of Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant, Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions, Relationship bet. Chemical kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium, What Does the Equilibrium Constant tell us? Factors that affect chemical equilibrium.
Chemical Equilibrium | Matthew Joseph Dionela
Topics included in this reviewer notes:
Five Characteristics at Equilibrium
Equilibrium Constant
Le Chatelier's Principle
Determining Direction of Chemical Equilibria
[4] Chemical Equilibrium.pdfChemical equilibria and reaction quotients. | Professor Dave Explains.
This video gives an introduction on chemical equilibrium/equilibria and reaction quotients. It discusses how chemical reactions are reversible in equilibrium, equilibrium expressions, equilibrium constants, and equilibrium constant expression, and direction of the reaction. The ICE method for solving chemical equilibrium problems is also discussed in the video.
Le Chatelier’s principle. | Professor Dave Explains.
This video gives a conceptual discussion on Le Chatelier’s Principle for Chemical Equilibrium and factors or changes that affect chemical equilibrium.
Chemical Equilibrium.
The article includes a discussion on general chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant (expressed as K), Q and K values, and predicting relative amounts of reactants and products based on the equilibrium constant. It also includes a discussion on conditions and types of equilibrium and reaction quotient (Q).
Acids and Bases
Acids and Bases
Bronsted Acids and Bases, The Acid-Base Properties of Water, pH – A Measure of Acidity, Strength of Acids and Bases, Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants, Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants, The Relationship Between the Ionization Constants of Acids and Their Conjugate Bases, Acid-Base Properties of Salts
Acids, bases, pH and pOH | Professor Dave Explains.
This video includes a discussion on the Brønsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases, conjugate acids and bases, acid-base properties of water, strength of acids and bases, hydronium concentrations, pH - a measure of acidity, and pOH, with some examples for determining acidity or basicity of certain elements and compounds.
Calculating Ka and Kb from pH & Molarity Concentration - Weak Acids, Bases, & Salt Solutions. | The Organic Chemistry Tutor.
This video includes solving example practice problems regarding weak acids and acid ionization constants (Ka) as well as weak bases and base ionization constants (Kb). This requires prior knowledge about pH, pOH, and the ICE method.
Acid-base properties of salts | Acids and bases | Chemistry | Khan Academy.
This video includes a discussion on examples of different kinds of neutralization reactions, and analyzing the pH of the resulting salt solution in Brønsted Acids and Bases.
Acids and bases.
This link is a general library about the acids and bases topic. It contains hyperlinks to other subchapters including the Brønsted-Lowry Concept of Acid and Bases, Water and the pH Scale, Equilibrium constants for acids and bases, and the Acid-Base Properties of Salts, all of which are relevant with respect to the BASCHEM syllabus.
Chemical Energy
Chemical Energy
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions, Introduction to Thermodynamics, Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions, Calorimetry, Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction.
Thermochemistry | Matthew Joseph Dionela
Topics included in this reviewer notes:
Introduction to Thermodynamics
Heat flows
Thermochemistry
[5] Thermochemistry.pdfEnergy changes - GCSE chemistry. | Science Shorts.
This video includes a comprehensive discussion on energy changes in concept and in graphical representation of energy in chemical reactions, as well as exothermic (e.g. explosion/combustion) and endothermic reactions (e.g. photosynthesis). The discussion also delves into chemical reaction concepts such as activation energy, energy change, enthalpy, and catalysts (reduces activation energy). The video also has sample problem solving examples for bond energy calculations.
Thermochemistry: Heat and Enthalpy. | Professor Dave Explains.
This video includes an introductory discussion of thermodynamics, specifically on the thermochemistry of heat, enthalpy, and change in enthalpy (ΔH). It also reviews endothermic and exothermic reactions with respect to energy changes and proceeds to a comprehensive discussion on heat (q) that flows from an area of high temperature to an area of low temperature. The video ends with a comprehension-check through a simple problem solving example.
Heat capacity, specific heat, and calorimetry. | Professor Dave Explains.
This video includes a discussion that directly continues the discussion in the previous video entitled Thermochemistry: Heat and Enthalpy. This video starts with a conceptual introduction about heat capacity (C), specific heat (s), and calorimetry equations such as q = CΔT. The video also includes a few simple example problems that make use of the said calorimetry equation.
Hess’s law and heats of formation. | Professor Dave Explains.
This video involves sample problems relating to the lesson on enthalpy with regards to standard enthalpies of formation and reaction under Hess’s Law.
Energy and chemical change.
This article comprehensively discussed energy and chemical change. It talks about energy transfers and chemical reactions as well as energy and reaction stoichiometry sample problem scenarios. This link would also contain hyperlinks (below the article) to other important subtopics regarding chemical energy such as 6.1: Energy, Heat and Work, 6.2: Calorimetry, 6.5: Enthalpy, and 6.6: Putting it All Together (a summary page). It is also advisable to look into 6.3: The First Law of Thermodynamics, as a review for the next and last set of lessons for BASCHEM.
Entropy, Free Energy and Equilibrium
Entropy, Free Energy and Equilibrium
The 3 Laws of Thermodynamics, Spontaneous Processes, Entropy, 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, Gibbs Free Energy, Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium.
Laws of Thermodynamics | Matthew Joseph Dionela
Topics included in this reviewer notes:
Laws of Thermodynamics
Entrophy
Gibbs Free Energy
[6] Laws of Thermodynamics.pdfThe laws of thermodynamics, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. | Professor Dave Explains.
This 8-minute video includes a discussion on Entropy, the three Thermodynamics’ Laws, spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, and Gibbs Free Energy (G). The video is visually appealing and easy-to-understand.
Free energy and equilibrium. | Webcast-legacy Departmental.
This video discusses the relationship between free energy and equilibrium and how reactants or products are favored. Conditions and characteristics are also discussed with regards to Standard Free Energy difference (ΔG°) when it is greater than 0, less than 0, or equal to 0 in terms of spontaneity and K. To further summarize the relationships among the different quantities in free energy and equilibrium constant analysis.
The laws of thermodynamics.
This article extensively delves into the three laws of thermodynamics for further reading.
Gibbs Free energy.
This article includes a summarized discussion on Gibbs Free Energy as a quantity calculated using the free energy of formation of each component of a reaction at standard pressure. Furthermore, the article also discusses free energy changes in chemical reactions, free energy changes for nonstandard states, pressure and free energy, as well as free energy and work. The latter topics may not be required under the syllabus, but they are still relevant information regarding the main topic.
Free energy and equilibrium.
This article discusses Free Energy and Equilibrium, specifically on the relationship of free energy and the equilibrium constant. It involves yet again a review on spontaneity but with regards to Gibbs free energy and Entropy, then the main relationship of free energy and the equilibrium constant in concept and in equations. The link also contains several example problems with solutions that are helpful in understanding the topic.
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