Vocabulary

8-1.4 Vocabulary

1. Cash Crop - a crop such as tobacco, grown for direct sale rather than for livestock feed
2. Economy - system or range of economic activity in a country, region or community
3. Geechee-The Gullah people and their language , which some scholars speculate is related to the Ogeechee River near Savannah, Georgia.
4. Gullah- Language that involves a mixture of West African and English dialects. Also included in this culture is: basket weaving, folktales, spirituals, music, and dance.
5. Low Country - low-lying area of land especially the Atlantic Coastal plain of South Carolina
6. Manumit-To free from slavery or bondage; emancipate.
7. Mercantilism - raw materials from the colonies were exported to Britain and manufactured goods were imported from Britain, resulting in an imbalance of trade
8. Middle Passage-The transatlantic voyage of African slaves to the Americas. Millions of slaves lost their lives due to horrible living conditions, lack of food/water and suicide. // The journey from Africa to the New World during the slave trade.
9. Naval stores-products used to outfit and supply the navy, such as pitch, tar, and tall trees for masts,. They were a major industry in S.C and N.C.
10. Negro Act of 1740- Laws that prohibited slaves from gathering without white supervision, learning to read and write, and carrying guns. They could not travel without written passes , raise food, or earn money.
11. Population Imbalance - having more of one race of people over another in an area
12. Raw Materials - unprocessed natural products used in manufacturing
13. Rebellion - uprising; refusal to obey
14. Resistance - the refusal to accept or comply with something
15. Slave Codes- laws which limited the rights/status of slaves and the rights of masters.
16. Slave Trade - importation of Africans to work as slaves in the New World
17. Stono Rebellion-The largest slave rebellion in Colonial America. This rebellion failed and as a result slave codes or black codes were created to limit the rights of African slaves.

8-2 Vocabulary Terms

Write the term on one side and the definition on the other side of your flashcard.

1. Patriot: the name given to an American who fought the British in the American Revolution
2. Proclamation Line of 1763: a line drawn along the crest of the Appalachian Mountain chain, at the western edge of the thirteen colonies; territory west of the line was reserved for Indians
3. Stamp Act: an act of Parliament of 1765 that levied a direct tax on almost all paper items in the colonies
4. Sons of Liberty: organizations of men who resisted new taxes and laws in the American colonies
5. Tea Act: an act of Parliament in 1773 that gave the East India Company a monopoly on the sale of tea in the colonies
6. monopoly: the control of a product or industry by one company
7. First Continental Congress: a September 1774 meeting in Philadelphia in which delegates agreed to stop trade with Britain (except trade in rice) until the Intolerable Acts were repealed
8. Second Continental Congress: a second meeting of colonial delegates held in Philadelphia beginnings in 1775; it wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776
9. South Carolina Provincial Congress: a new South Carolina legislature, which met in January 1775 in defiance of royal authority
10. Loyalist: a person who remained loyal to Britain in the American Revolution; Loyalists were sometimes called Tories
11. Treaty of Ninety Six: a treaty in which many Upcountry Loyalists pledged to remain neutral in the Revolutionary War
12. Declaration of Independence: the document proclaimed on July 4, 1776, by which the American colonies declared their independence from Great Britain
13. Constitution of 1778: a new, permanent state constitution that gave the governor little power and made sure the government was controlled by Lowcountry elite
14. Articles of Confederation: a 1777 document, ratified in 1781, that was to act as a constitution for the national government; it formed a loose confederation in which states had greater powers than the central government
15. guerrilla warfare: a strategy using small groups to surprise the enemy, inflict as much damage as possible in a short time, then disappear
16. Battle of Camden: a 1780 Revolutionary War battle that was a major defeat for the Continental Army
17. Battle of Kings Mountain: a 1780 Revolutionary War battle that was a defeat for British and Loyalist forces and that weakened General Cornwallis’ army
18. Battle of Cowpens: a 1781 Revolutionary War battle that was a victory for Patriots
19. Battle of Eutaw Springs: the last major Revolutionary War battle in South Carolina; neither side won, but the British could least afford their losses
20. Commerce Compromise: a compromise in the U.S. Constitution that allowed states to control commerce within their borders but let the national government control trade among the states and with foreign nations
21. Three-fifths Compromise: a compromise in the U.S. Constitution that allowed three-fifths of the slave population to count for representation purposes
22. Great Compromise: a compromise in the U.S. Constitution that created a bicameral Congress, with representation in the House of Representatives based on population and representation in the Senate equal among the states
23. Federalist: a supporter of a stronger federal government, who approved of the new U.S. Constitution
24. Antifederalist: an opponent of the stronger federal government, who disapproved of the new U.S. Constitution
25. Constitution of 1790: a state constitution that retained most governing power in the House of Representatives and most political power with wealthy property owners
26. Federalist Party: an early American political party that advocated an active federal government and closer relations with the British
27. Democratic-Republican Party: an early American political party that advocated a less active federal government and closer relations with the French
28. cotton gin: a simple engine (or gin) invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 that could rapidly remove cotton fiber from seed
29. Compromise of 1808: a compromise in the state legislature that allowed more equal representation for the Upcountry
30. Suffrage: the right to vote

Unit 3 Vocabulary

1. Andrew Pickens: he was known as "The Wizard Owl". He led the Patriots to victory at the Battle of Cowpens

2. Articles of Confederation: a weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War; (a 1777 document, ratified in 1781, that was to act as a constitution for the national government; it formed a loose confederation in which states had greater powers than the central government)

3. Committee of 99: the group of people that ruled South Carolina after the First Continental Congress

4. Francis Marion: South Carolina militia leader nicknamed the "Swamp Fox" for his hit-and-run attacks on the British during the American Revolution

5. guerrilla warfare: fighting marked by sabotage, ambushes, and other surprise attacks (a strategy using small groups to surprise the enemy, inflict as much damage as possible in a short time, then disappear)

6. militia: a volunteer army

7. neutral: not favoring either side

8. Patriot: American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won (the name given to an American who fought the British in the American Revolution)

9. Shays Rebellion: a series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings

10. Thomas Sumter: Patriot who specialized in guerrilla warfare. Nicknamed "Carolina Gamecock". Most known for driving Cornwallis out of the Carolinas into Virginia

11. Loyalists/Tories: colonists who favored remaining under British control (a person who remained loyal to Britain in the American Revolution)

12. Treaty of Paris 1783: treaty between England and the colonies; formally ended the American Revolutionary War

Unit 3 Battles

1. Battle of Bunker Hill: first major battle of the Revolutionary War. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat

2. Battle of Camden: a major British victory in the South, where general Horatio Gates' untrained and tired militiamen were no match for General Lord Cornwallis' army (a 1780 Revolutionary War battle that was a major defeat for the Continental Army)

3. Battle of Cowpens: a 1781 battle in South Carolina where Americans won an important victory over the British (a 1781 Revolutionary War battle that was a victory for Patriots)

4. Battle of Eutaw Springs: British victory in a surprise attack on the Americans. Last southern battle of the war (the last major Revolutionary War battle in South Carolina; neither side won, but the British could least afford their losses)

5. Battle of Kings Mountain: Patriot (mountain men) vs. British and American Loyalists. Patriots won through guerrilla warfare. Switched the momentum from the British to the Americans in the South (a 1780 Revolutionary War battle that was a defeat for British and Loyalist forces and that weakened General Cornwallis’ army)

6. Fort Moultrie: a fort built out of Palmetto logs in the harbor of Charleston, defended against the British in the American Revolution

7. Saratoga: the turning point of the American Revolution. France decided to help the Americans

8. Yorktown: in 1781 during the American Revolution the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops

8-3.1 Vocabulary

1. Articles of Confederation- the original constitution of the US, ratified in 1781, which was replaced by the US Constitution in 1789.
2. Lowcountry- the area that surrounds Charleston along the Atlantic coast of South Carolina. people of this region were typically educated, wealthy and also plantation owners; they also had more representation in government.
3. Backcountry- called Upcountry after the American Revolution. The area located in the northwestern region of South Carolina where the people were considered by the Lowcountry as uncivilized subsistence farmers; had much less representation in government which was the caused great tension between the Lowcountry and the Upcountry.
4. Columbia- located in the center of the state and became the capital city of South Carolina to help ease the tension between the Lowcountry and the Upcountry.
5. Cotton Gin- a machine that separates the seeds, see hulls, and other small objects from the fibers of cotton
6. Eli Whitney- inventor of the cotton gin
7. Compromise of 1808- the legislature in South Carolina agreed to reapportionment; representation was to be based equally on the white population and the amount of taxable property (including slaves). Both the Lowcountry and the Upcountry had their share of slaves and shared political power.

8-3.4 Vocabulary

1. Alexander Hamilton: Leader who wanted a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, tariff system to pay off the national debt

2. War Hawks: Americans who called for war with Great Britain due to impressment

3. Federalist Party: Party that supported (a) Manufacturing and trade (b) Strong federal government for strength in foreign affairs (c) Loose interpretation of Const. to create a National Bank (d) Great Britain in Napoleonic Wars

4. National Bank: An institution to collect taxes, issue bank notes (money), control commerce (trade) for the country

5. Assumption of state debts: the process by which the national government would acquire the debt of each state and pay it off as a whole - favored by Federalists and opposed by DRs

6. Protective tariff: a tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy American goods

7. Democratic-Republicans: Party that supported Farmers and shopkeepers, Stronger state governments, Strict interpretation of Const. to oppose National Bank, France in Napoleonic Wars

8. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison: Believed the national government should be limited in power; leaders of the Democratic-Republicans

9. "necessary and proper" clause: A sentence in the Constitution that Federalists believed granted them the authority to create a National Bank of the United States

10. Neutrality: the state of not supporting or helping either side in a conflict; America's official stance during the wars between Great Britain and France

11. XYZ Affair: Event where 3 French diplomats demanded a bribe from American diplomats to negotiate peace with them

12. Alien and Sedition Acts: a series of laws passed to limit the growth of the Democratic-Republicans, the effects of these laws included silencing newspapers who spoke out against the Federalists

13. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: written by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts; declared that states could nullify federal laws considered unconstitutional

14. Nullify: to reject or cancel

15. States rights: belief that individual states have the power to nullify federal laws that they find to be unconstitutional

16. Impressment: policy of the British in the early 1800s to kidnap foreign sailors and force them to serve in their navy

17. Embargo: a ban on trade which devastated the American shipping industry when passed to limit British impressment

18. John C Calhoun: South Carolina Senator who advocated for state's rights, limited government, nullification, and war with Great Britain

19. War of 1812: conflict between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by impressment of American sailors; no land changes but caused a surge of nationalism in the U.S.

20. Nationalism: a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

8-4 Vocabulary

1. Eli Whitney: United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

2. Cotton Gin: a machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber

3. Overseer: a worker hired by a planter to watch over and direct the work of slaves

4. Sectionalism: loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

5. Whigs: Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government

6. Democrats: political party led by Andrew Jackson from 1828 to 1856. Campaigned against strong central government and fought to end elitism.

7. Denmark Vesey Plot: attempted rebellion in Charleston that caused slave owners in South Carolina to become more fearful of their slaves

8. Slave Codes: laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African-Americans and denied them basic rights

9. Nat Turner's Rebellion: rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families

10. Abolitionist Movement: the movement concentrated on ending slavery in the United States

11. Uncle Tom's Cabin: a novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral

12. Underground Railroad: a system that helped enslaved African-Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

13. Nullification: a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional

14. Andrew Jackson: 7th President of the United States, who was a general in the War of 1812, he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers

15. John C. Calhoun: South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited governments, and nullification

16. Missouri Compromise: Compromise of 1820 over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slaves states.

17. Fugitive Slave Law: this law required that northern states forcibly returned escaped slaves to their owners

18. Kansas-Nebraska Act: a law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery

19. Bleeding Kansas: (1856) a series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would be a slave state or a free state

20. Dred Scott: United States slave who sued for liberty after living in a non-slave state

21. John Brown: an abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory

22. Election of 1860: Lincoln, the Republicans candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it had a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union

23. Secede: to leave or withdraw

24. Compromise of 1850: includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican-American War

8-5.5 through 8-5.7 Vocabulary

1. Railroad Boom-impacted the U.S. and South Carolina, major cities grew, connected suppliers and markets throughout the U.S., and transcontinental trains promoted the establishment of time zones and standard time
2. Mill Village-these provided homes, schools, churches, and stores in addition to jobs for immigrants and poor farmers who could no longer make a living off of the land
3. Crop Lien System-allowed creditors to have first claim on a farmer’s crop by keeping the farmers in continual debt
4. Army Worm and Boll Weevil-pests that led to crop failures
5. Grange-social organization designed to alleviate the isolation of farm life
6. Farmer’s Alliances-advocated for an increase in monetary supply, especially coinage of silver
7. Morrill Act-operations of schools(colleges) were supported by the system of land grants established by the national government
8. Charleston Earthquake of 1886-the largest, most destructive, costly and lethal earthquake to ever strike east of the Mississippi River
9. 1893 Hurricane-struck Charleston, and wiped out the rice fields and brought and end to “Carolina Gold”, also resulted in over 1,500 deaths and millions in property damage
10. Exodusters-African Americans that migrated to Kansas/out West after emancipation
11. Homestead Act-offering up free land by the United States Government
12. Nativism-the practice or policy of favoring native-born citizens as against immigrants
13. Social Darwinism-the belief that in human society only those people who could adapt to change, would prosper and the rest would live in poverty
14. Progressives an organized group of citizens that wanted to reform corrupt government, end the monopolistic practices of Big Business, improve the conditions of the industrial working class, and address the problems of both immigrants and migrants.
15. Progressive movement developed first at the city and state level in response to the problems of the growing cities and the changing workplace in the late nineteenth century.
16. Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote
17. Prohibition-forbidding the sale of alcohol
18. Temperance-restrainting in the use of alcohol
19. New South – When the South decided to move from farming to industry.