ORIGINAL ARTWORK BY SENIOR ELLA R. THIS PIECE DEPICTS A REPRESENTATION OF THE FEMICIDE CRISIS IN MEXICO. EVERY SINGLE DAY, WOMEN ARE KILLED IN MEXICO JUST BECUASE THEY ARE WOMEN. ELLA TARGETS THIS MESSAGE POWERFULLY AND IMPLORES YOU TO LEARN MORE ABOUT GLOBAL ISSUES RELATED TO FREEDOM. FREEDOM FOR WOMEN, FREEDOM FROM VIOLENCE. FREEDOM FOR EVERY SINGLE ONE OF US.
Welcome to Mirrors volume #5, a special bonus that serves as a tribute to our students. Throughout the year we learned many important lessons related to our student publication: how to format effectively, what digital promotion looks like, and how to make an impact on readers. So many amazing submissions were completed that we actually did not have enough space in the first four volumes - so, this release is for everything and everyone. All the stories left to tell that we think are important are assembled here as part of our cry for freedom. Make no mistake: the message is cohesive and powerful, long lasting and needed in our world.
CRY FOR FREEDOM
Crying in the distance
It feels so close yet nowhere to be found
All around me I feel consumed
Like a blanket wrapped up too tight
The heat rising
But there is a coolness
I sit, I wait, I go
My time is now and has begun
The war screams and beckens
The fight becomes mine
I match every blow
And yet there is so much more to go
I can run or I can fight
To fight means to risk it all
But to run means to lose reality
My mind says both
But to break free I listen to my heart
Don’t worry what others think, just go
Going means to look blindly
To believe as if I will lose everything
To think that nothing will be the same
And right when I think all is lost
A droplet grazes and runs down my cheek
The realization coming back that nothing ever left
Where did I go?
What did I do?
My mind
The place where my cry for freedom is the loudest
Savannah B.
The first four volumes of Mirrors were viewed in over two dozen countries around the world and in nearly every state. We accumulated over 15,000 unique views. Think about that: thousands of people have taken the journey you are now on. Thousands of people have heard the stories of young people and explored history they might never have otherwise. Mirrors has power because the students who build it are powerful. The story of the cry for freedom is theirs to tell. It's the story heard in every country around the world, in every language. It's the story of fighting for justice and power, love and truth. Read on and learn from the earth shakers themselves.
On April 22nd, 2022, I had the wonderful opportunity to interview Mr. Lee, a survivor of the Cambodian Genocide, and get first hand details on some of his life experiences from his early life, as well as his experiences under harsh conditions and his journey to America.
According to Mr. Lee, living in the capital of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, was fairly peaceful and crime free throughout his childhood, even being able to leave doors unlocked without fear of theft. However, in the mid-1970s, tensions started to rise as missiles could be heard closer and closer to the city each day. Eventually soldiers started becoming more commonplace around the city and many richer families started fleeing the country proactively. One day he awoke to a large boom coming from the alley adjacent to his apartment-like complex where some of the younger kids often play. Soldiers flooded into the city, forcing citizens to congregate in areas in the marketplace. These were soldiers of the Khmer Rouge, a radical group dedicated to forcing society back into “better times” of more rural and community oriented living. After several days of harsh conditions only bettered by his mother’s quick preparations and thinking, he and his family (his mother, him, and six siblings) were forced into a caravan of sorts, forced to travel a long, perilous distance to what would be their new living arrangements. Quickly it was made clear that anyone that slowed the pace of the group would be killed, in one of a variety of unpleasant ways.
After a long time of traveling, losing a significant number of individuals on the way, he, his family, and the rest of the group made their way to one of the community living villages they would be staying in, theirs being Brave Village. The unwilling participants were then forced to construct their own shabby shelters. The previous inhabitants of this village remained, becoming the favored leaders and overseers of these villages, living in their better built homes, forming a very clear and unequal power dynamic. The “Old People”, as Mr. Lee called them, were very wary and unfriendly to their new neighbors. Mr. Lee and every surviving member of his group were then forced into various labor positions, depending on age and stature, for the betterment of the village, be it growing food, or the acquisition of other resources. And for their hard work, adults still only got two meals per day. Children, starting at around age four and ending age fourteen to sixteen, were forced into schools to indoctrinate them into the Khmer Rouge’s ideologies, getting three meals per day. Although, Mr. Lee notes, it was more often determined on appearance and ability whether they were seen as a certain age. Mr. Lee was originally forced to work in the fields, cutting down crops with a sickle. However, after slicing his hand gravely, and being confined to recovery, he was eventually put into the school, becoming one of the senior students. The children in the schools were also assigned various tasks to be useful. Mr. Lee, as one of the senior and most capable students, was assigned the difficult to manage job of going into the jungle to acquire lumber. He eventually got quite good at this, having free time after meeting his quotas. It was during this time when Mr. Lee discovered another job: climbing. Climbers were expected to climb palm trees to extract valuable palm oil from the top of the palm trees. Despite the danger, it was one of the better jobs in the village, as they were well respected, even among the “Old People." He asked one of his classmates, whose brother was a climber, for tips on how to climb. Mr. Lee, after getting too old for the school, became a climber, gaining respect and better standing, as well as better living conditions.
After this change, other climbers taught him how to make athuy from the palm trees, a type of drink with alcoholic side effects. Giving this away for free, he managed to win over many of the chief officials of the village, and had them opening up to him as if he were a close friend. Even if he wanted to sell it, he couldn’t have, as buying/selling was prohibited, as well as trading. He gained prestige as his courage to climb the trees during even high winds became widely known, unlike the other climbers. These palm trees sometimes even reached heights of fifty to sixty feet, threatening to crush anyone caught under them if they fell. His daily schedule became waking up at 3:30 a.m. to fulfill his quotas, finishing them frequently before the sun arose. During his time as a climber however, he started living away from his family, being forced to focus on his duties. His mother lived with his siblings, also becoming well respected among the “Old people”, due to her kindness and her ability to take care of the village children too young to attend school. She also obtained better living conditions for her and Mr. Lee’s siblings. Mr. Lee couldn’t visit his family frequently, as idleness was seen as weakness in the village, and could lead to death. Many such people met this fate, being taken out to be killed at gunpoint in the middle of the jungle. Though he couldn’t always visit his family, Mr. Lee spent his free time making traps and fishing, bringing any extra food caught to feed his family. Although compared to others in the village he had better conditions, this wouldn’t last but a few years. He was later forced to join the Chllop team, a task force dispatched to deal with whatever problems prescribed to them by the chief officials, such as frequently fighting off crops from boar attacks.
Eventually, the Khmer Rouge’s influence on these villages were replaced by occupation by the Vietnamese Army, them being considerably nicer to the village’s inhabitants. Mr. Lee continued to climb, now selling athuy to the occupying soldiers. And by pulling in Mr. Lee’s and his mother’s connections as well respected individuals in the village, they were approved to send a letter to Mr. Lee’s father, Dak, who had evaded this situation by being in Vietnam for business. He returned a letter, telling them to return to their home in Phnom Penh. Once again they were approved, and were transported by the Vietnamese soldiers’ transport vehicles to Phnom Penh.
While safer than they had been, they knew they couldn’t stay there. Mr. Lee didn’t want to leave his childhood home, especially after just returning there, but remembered his father’s advice to stick together with family, no matter what. With this in mind, he and his family started their dangerous journey to Thailand, where they could start the process of migrating to the U.S. This journey was just as perilous, as they had to avoid detection by both the Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese, as it was frowned upon to cross the border into Thailand. Yet still, Thailand was not readily available to refugees from Cambodia, and they had to wait at the Cambodian camp only feet away from the Thailand-Cambodia border for their paperwork to go through. After eight months passing and experiencing rough camp conditions, they were let through, meeting with the American Red Cross, and after more paperwork, along with filling out information for new passports, they were granted entry and travel to the Philippines, where they awaited their flight to the U.S. Even after experiencing flight complications, and a redirect/layover to Guam, he and his family made it to the U.S., with the help of his uncle, who acted as their sponsor. On the flight, Mr. Lee thought “I hope I can see America, that’s all I pray, before I die, because that’s what I risked my life [for]”.
And see America he did. After processing in San Francisco, he and his family were transported to Arkansas to stay with his uncle. He went into 10th grade at Little Rock Central and was a student for one semester before starting work as a full time employee at his cousin’s restaurant. Mr. Lee went on to serve in the Navy, and later settled down, starting his own restaurant, Oriental Kitchen, in Conway. Although he is no longer the owner, he says he is enjoying retirement.
I asked Mr. Lee whether or not he holds resentment towards the individuals that inflicted so much pain towards him and so many others. To no surprise, this kind man said that he wanted to “Thank the Evil," not for causing so much harm, but for letting him live. He said “[To] Survive is the most important thing in life." As long as you are alive, you still have a chance. He also wanted to say that even though they were bad people, their families weren’t necessarily also bad people. “Kids are all innocent, we shouldn’t treat their kids like the killers."
When I asked Mr. Lee what piece of advice he would give to others, he stated that “We should love our families first, love [is the] most important, because I feel like family is the one who can cover us when we are in trouble, you know, when we need it the most…unconditional love.” He also said that people definitely need to put long term happiness before instant gratification, to stay in school, and make good choices.
People often look away from harsh realities, and choose to ignore the brutal actions occurring around the world. That isn’t fair to the people that had to experience these acts. It is important to remember that, and know about these occurrences so that they may never happen again.
Although I got to hear a lot of his first-hand experiences, and have illustrated them here to the best of my ability, a UCA student named Kenny Duran previously interviewed Mr. Lee for his capstone project, leading to him publishing Mr. Lee’s story in a book, titled Thank The Evil. I read it as preparation for the interview, even using some of the information presented in his book as background information not rehashed in the interview in this paper. I definitely recommend it to anyone interested in the subject, as well as just a good read, as it both captures the reader’s attention with a sense of narrative, while still remaining factual and informative. And would once again like to thank Mr. Lee for being a wonderful interviewee and for providing insightful conversation.
Sam C.
Sergeant First Class Alwyn Cashe; hero, leader, Medal of Honor recipient. He risked his life with the cry for freedom that his fellow soldiers sang. The vehicle that they were in was destroyed by an explosive device, leaving him and his fellow soldiers severely wounded. Sergeant Cashe acted with disregard for his own injuries and got his people out of the burning car and to safety. This was not without harm, however. With burns covering more than 70% of his body, he didn't stop for himself and instead focused on the safety of his soldiers. He answered their cry for freedom by risking his life to save them. He died in the hospital, but he kept telling the nurses to take care of his boys first, making sure they made it home. He was truly a fearless soldier, a fighter, and someone who made an impact in the lives of others.
Blake B.
Alan Turing had a massive influence in the fields of mathematical philosophy and computer science, but was grossly mistreated by his government. Born on the 23rd of June, 1912, in London, Turing was a rather mediocre student. He was constantly distracted, always trying to learn on his own. His first love was Christopher Morcom, a fellow student. They learned together, but Christopher died at a young age and left Turing distraught. After going to Cambridge, he discovered a field he was truly passionate about: mathematical philosophy.
Alan Turing was exemplary in mathematical philosophy, helping expand the field further than ever thought before. One of his first ideas was that of the “Turing Machine," one of the first incarnations of a computer. He also solved one of the most famous mathematical conundrums, called the “Entscheidungsproblem," or decision problem. It was the question of whether there are any problems that cannot be solved mathematically, and Turing proved that there is by turning it into a paradox. During World War II, he managed to break the German Enigma code, allowing the Allies to listen in on German military communications. This breakthrough saved millions of lives and shortened the war by an estimated two years.
Though Alan Turing contributed much to the war effort, his operation in breaking the German code was kept secret per order from the British Government. Once the war ended in 1945, Turing went on to have several years of academic success. He taught mathematics and worked on establishing the early foundations of computer science.
Unfortunately, however, in 1952 Turing was prosecuted under British laws that targeted homosexual activity. As a result, he was chemically castrated, fired, and censured from British government. Evidence suggests that he committed suicide a couple years later in 1954. This is why we must not forget him, why we must not allow him to be erased. His actions saved millions, why should we forget him? Because people brought attention to his gross mistreatment, the British government ended up pardoning all people previously convicted of being gay. But this didn’t happen in the 80s. This happened in 2017. Just five years ago. The fight for LGBTQ+ rights still continues today, and we must not allow queer figures like Turing to be erased from history.
I myself do relate to Turing. I am very creatively focused, and always strive to learn new things (even though I am doing a little better in school than he was). I’ve faced it, and I’m not going to say that I valiantly ignored it, because it hurts. We should be doing everything we can to stop this, or else we are disrespecting people like Turing and everything they did to save the very countries that want them forgotten.
Vincent J.
Our students embraced their creativity to write poetry about anything they wanted to. Some chose to write about their personal experiences while others leaned into hobbies or passions. Poetry, like everything in Mirrors, is a great way to embrace expression and find power.
Original artwork in this section provided by Mrs. Moore's talented Photography students.
I used to overthink.
My thoughts would rush through my brain like waves - I knew
I'd eventually sink.
Until I learned how to swim
Got out of my thoughts and started
To go with the flow.
I never thought I could reach high
Because I was so low.
Now I reach for the stars!
Take everything slow
And watch myself grow.
Jordan J.
Have you ever had a dream
A dream so big you thought it was impossible
For me that was hoop dreams
I got told I would be great
It takes discipline,
Consistency,
Patience,
And the will to not give up
To be successful.
David M.
Unshackled and free of wrong judgment
Equal opportunities, equal space
Space to follow dreams, to be creative
To be inspired, to inspire others
To soar away from the negative world
That's when people can truly fly
T. J. M.
What is music?
Music speaks to your soul
It doesn't may your heart boil
Music can soothe you
And maybe make you blue.
Music makes you hype
And can give you inspiration to write.
Music makes you fly
Sometimes it will make you cry.
Music can speak the truth.
Music can make you have a different
Point of view.
Music makes people get in the booth
So what does music really mean to you?
Trenidy W.
When you trust someone
You normally feel safe.
You tend to let your guard
Down and push it out the way.
Some may even open up
And say a lot more words
Knowing your name is protected
Behind closed doors.
You may trust many, none or few,
But I hope whoever you trust
Trusts you too.
Kennedi W.
A queen is second place or at least
That's what is said to be
She rules in silence while the king
Handles everything
Behind the scenes, however, she's
The strongest of them all.
She's the brains, the beauty, she keeps
The kingdom standing tall.
A king may rule and smile
Amongst his kingdom, but
The queen is the reason for the freedom.
Abigail C.
Toyasaburo Korematsu was a Japanese American man who was born to two Japanese immigrants, Kakusaburo Korematsu and Kotsui Aoki, on January 30, 1919 in Oakland, California. His parents lived in Japan before moving to the U.S. in 1905, however, he was born and raised in the U.S. his entire life.
He earned the nickname “Fred” in school, though Castlemont High School in Oakland, California is the only known school he went to. He spent his entire childhood and early adulthood in Oakland until he was arrested on May 30th, 1942. Prior to his arrest and following the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the U.S.’s entry into WWII, President Franklin D. Roosevelt officiated Executive Order 9066, which ordered all Japanese people living in the States to be put in internment camps regardless of their citizenship. Korematsu refused to follow this order, however, and was arrested as a result.
He most likely didn’t participate in any blatant cultural customs because of his attempt to appear white to evade internment, though common and more subtle customs he may have participated in include taking off his shoes before entering someone’s house for cleanliness, greeting others with a slight nod for politeness, and being mostly obedient to his parents out of respect, since those were traditional manners that wouldn’t give away his ethnicity.
While imprisoned, he met a lawyer from the American Civil Liberties Union and petitioned his case to the Supreme Court, who ruled it constitutional and dismissed him. Four Decades later, however, the public discovered that the government withheld important information to the Court that proved Japanese Americans were both not a threat to national security and fully loyal to the United States, so a new generation of Japanese American lawyers reopened the case and eventually overturned it on November 10, 1983.
He didn’t sit idly after the overturning, however, and immediately got to work advocating for Asian American rights and civil liberties as a whole soon after. He backed a 1988 bill that would grant both an apology and reparations to not only the Japanese Americans, but all Americans previously imprisoned within the camps, criticized discriminatory parts of the Patriot Act, and delivered a friend-of-the-court brief to the Supreme Court in solidarity with prisoners held at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Station in Cuba. For his efforts, President Clinton awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1998, and he continued to fight for civil rights and liberties until his death at 86 years old in 2005.
Leesa P.
Mitsuki Laycock (Mitski) was born on September 27, 1990. She was born in Japan to an American father and a Japanese mother. Growing up she moved all around the world living in 13 countries before graduating high school in Alabama at the Alabama School of Fine Arts.
After graduating high school she decided to move to New York to attend Hunter’s college for film, but later decided to move to Purchase, New York to attend Purchase College and change her major to music. After graduating from college she continued to make music, and as of today, she has made a total of 8 albums (her most popular album being Be The Cowboy in 2018).
Mitsuki is known for her unique style of music, and on just one album you can hear multiple genres of music. Her lyrics are based on her experiences as a Japanese-American woman and the hardships she has faced. Her music is very popular due to not only her catchy beats/ backtracks, but it's also popular due to her relatable lyrics. Many Asian Americans / POC find comfort in her songs because a lot of her music talks about how lonely / difficult life can be being as a person of color.
Her music popularity and music is in a steady increase with plenty of achievements to back her up to such as her 2018 Be a Cowboy album was 3rd on Billboard U.S. Independent Albums and 7th on Billboard US Top Rock Albums, the same album was put on “Top Albums of 2018” lists, including Time, Vulture, The New York Times and Pitchfork, and in 2019 she was nominated for a Grammy for best recording package.
Anana G.
Ida B. Wells was an American Journalist who led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States throughout the 1890s. She later was active in promoting justice for African Americans. She was born into slavery during the Civil War and lived in Mississippi. She faced prejudice and was met with discriminatory rules. Her parents were active in the Republican Party during Reconstruction. Wells went to Shaw University and received her schooling. However, at the age of 16, she had to drop out when tragedy hit her family. Both parents and her sibling died of Yellow Fever.
Ida made a big impact in history. She was often ridiculed and ostracized by women's suffrage organizations in the U.S for her anti-lynching stance. She also was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored Women's Club. Despite facing racism within the suffrage movement, she fought tirelessly for the right of all women to vote. She battled sexism, racism, and violence particularly working to shed light on the conditions of African Americans. She was a journalist, educator, and early leader in what eventually became the Civil Rights Movement.
She impacted others and people can relate to her. She was a journalist who was hardworking to help herself and others. I like to journal and I am hardworking for myself and others. Even when times were tough, she didn't give up. Ida B. Wells made a big impact in history. Not only on herself, but for others and was very hardworking to fight for her and others rights.
Chloe H.
GANDHI IS A REMINDER TO THOSE OF US LIVING IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY THAT WE CAN MAKE POWERFUL CHANGE. EACH OF US POSSESSES UNIQUE POWER THAT CAN BE USED FOR GOOD, POWER THAT DEFINES US IN THAT WE CARE FOR ONE ANOTHER WITH CLARITY. WE SHOULD ALL STRIVE TO BE MORE LIKE THIS POWERFUL LEGEND OF HISTORY.
Mahatma Gandhi was an advocate for Indian independence. He is considered the “father of India'' because of his impact in India. When Gandhi was a teenager he was very rebellious. With that being said, he went to study law in London so he could avoid getting into any more trouble in India. It was there that he learned about a non-violent approach to fight for political change, by persuading them with his point of views. When he returned to India there were a multitude of problems that needed to be addressed.
In 1894, the Natal stripped Indians of the right to vote. In response to this Gandhi created an Indian resistance called the “Satyagraha,” meaning “truth force”. In response to the British, he created a boycott. All of the Indians refused to use any British goods to create a negative economic impact. In August of 1947, India finally gained independence from the British, but sadly Gandhi was only able to experience it for a few months. At the age of 78, he was assassinated by an extremist.
Gandhi fought hard for the independence of Indians and their right to vote. Gandhi is inspirational to me and I am sure he would be a good inspiration for other people. They could learn how to treat people like they are equal. I think they could learn how to not be violent and to not bring violence into every situation. They could bring peace into the situation and talk it out, just like Gandhi did.
I can relate to Mahatma Gandhi because all I want for the world is everyone to be treated equally. I want them to be able to do as they please without being discriminated against, beaten up, made fun of. I don’t want to be controlled by the government for something that is my choice. I want everyone to be able to vote and not be stripped of that right. I just want what he wanted for the Indians, independence and justice. No one, ever, should be treated differently because of a different race, sex, religion, ethnicity, etc.
As you may know, Gandhi is a great influence because he gained what he was fighting for, without the use of violence. He fought for the rights of his people because they deserved it. Mahatma is a very important man in history to this day.
Aubree W.
Ever thought to yourself that things happen for a reason? Things are going as correct as you want it? Your life is missing something? Emotions are one of those flaws we fail to understand. Usually people can’t escape themselves and they are stuck. They can’t quite configure what freedom means to them. They feel as if they are without freedom, soulless, emotionless. Any thought of that isn’t existent but only to you. You, yourself, create your own little tale with non-existent peace. But deep down, understanding that you're as free as a bird in this day and age, there’s no need for deep and dark thoughts like that. Looking up and smiling knowing that life has become much more believable for a future you can set. When should pity be accepted? Never. Save your pity for the meaningless things. You’re in a place where you're free to do as you please. This is your imagination, it’s not a dead end job that forces sad emotions upon you. Your life is a present, a gift. Cry, sob, tear up, let out your emotions. This place is for creation and happiness, it was made for you. You have many advantages, so many ways you could change your objective on certain things. Try as much as you need to for things to go correct. This world is free, live in that rich freedom from all negativity and unsettling damage from your past.
Cavan B.
Princess Diana is a very important person in history, though particularly important in activism. Even after her death she was loved and respected by all. She made an impact on tons of people and made sure people were heard and were loved no matter the circumstances. Her love for everyone and everything shows her impact on the world.
Diana was born on July 1, 1961 in a small town in England. Her parents were Edward John Spencer and her mother Frances Ruth Burke Roche. While she did have very supportive parents, they got a divorce when Diana was young. She had two older sisters and one younger brother. Being shy as a kid never stopped Diana from doing the things she loved like music and dancing.
Mental health was a big part of Diana's life, ultimately affecting her marriage and even her childhood. When Diana got a little older, she began a relationship with Prince Charles who was thirteen years older than her. They first met when they were children at Parkhouse, which was owned by Queen Elizabeth the II. Charles proposed to Diana on 2/6/81 and they got married on 6/29/81 at St. Paul Cathedral.
As Diana grew older, she spent her time being an activist. Her main focuses were mental health, HIV awareness, and the banning of landmines. She spent her time at London’s Middlesex Hospital that cares for HIV patients. Diana noted that “HIV does not make people dangerous you know, you can shake their hands and give them a hug. Heaven knows they need it. What’s more you can share their homes, workspaces, and their playgrounds and toys.”
People were always in awe of Diana and her admiration for helping people. She helped raise awareness for causes she cared about and ultimately helped people learn to be more compassionate. In 1997, Diana visited South Africa and she met with Nelson Mandela, and he praised her for her work before and after she passed away.
After her divorce with Charles, Andrew Morton published a book called “Diana: Her True Story” which is where Diana publicly talked about her marriage and the emotional stress and abuse she went through. The book discusses her struggles with bulimia and Diana calls it “a symptom of what was going on in her marriage.” She also called bulimia “a secret disease” and advocated for people to always get help.
Her amazing personality and amazing works are what made her different than others. She was never scared to share the truth and make the unheard people seen and heard. Princess Diana will go down in history as a light in the dark of the world which is what we all strive to be like. Without people like her, the world can be a dark place. Her legacy will live on forever even after her death date of August 1997.
Ainsley H.
Wong Kim Ark was born to two Chinese immigrants in 1873 at the heart of San Francisco’s Chinatown. His parents were among the tens of thousands of Chinese people that immigrated around the mid 1800s. Following the Panic of 1873, many xenophobic Americans blamed the Chinese immigrants for the financial drought they were experiencing.
During Wong's childhood in San Francisco, "The Chinese must leave!" became a rallying cry, and xenophobia was codified in law when President Chester A. Arthur signed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, prohibiting Chinese laborers from entering the nation and becoming naturalized citizens. Wong’s family joined the exodus back across the Pacific Ocean in 1890, leaving their first born in America all alone at just 17 years old.
Five years later, Wong Kim Ark took a trip to visit his parents in mainland China bearing his proper identification paperwork which was signed by a notary public and three white San Francisco residents who all attested that he was born in the city and well-known to them. However, when Wong returned from China and showed the paper to John Wise, the San Francisco collector of customs who oversaw immigration into the harbor, he was denied admission.
Wong spent months in detention by the United States government and never accepted John Wise’s decision, and instead decided to fight it. His fight in court hinged greatly on the 14th Amendment which he argued provided protection since it states that “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States.” The lower courts eventually sided with Wong and granted his already earned citizenship as well as the Supreme Court announcing, in a 6-2 decision, that it sided with Wong and affirmed the right to citizenship for children of immigrants born in the United States.
Many other countries' laws, like Germany, Italy, Japan, and China, confer citizenship to children based on their bloodlines. This is the strongest legal foundation defending the rights of citizens born in the United States, even if they belong to a minority that is otherwise marginalized.
Parker H.
Philip Vera Cruz was born on December 25, 1904, in San Juan, Philippines. He later immigrated to America in 1926 in hopes of pursuing his dream and sending his family back the money he earned there. Surprisingly, he only attended college, Gonzaga University in Spokane, Washington, for a year in 1931! When he moved to America, he worked on farms, canneries, and restaurants in Minnesota and Washington State for the next thirty years. Cruz, throughout the years, advocated for labor rights and led social justice initiatives for agricultural workers. His being an Asian American inspired him to become one of the key leaders in the Asian American movement.
Before going into the accomplishments of Cruz, it is best to understand the culture surrounding him and his people. In the Philippines, the culture considered family the number one priority above all. Whether you are a part of the immediate family or not, you are still treated as a family member. Filipinos also are very helpful to one another and always make sure to expect nothing in return. Filipinos hold celebrations such as the MassKara festival, Kadayawan festival, and the Moriones festival as they enjoy holding these festivities.
Although Cruz passed away in 1994, his legacy was left behind for the world to admire. He joined his first strike during 1948 - organized by Filipino farmworkers - that led to the Filipino laborers across California conspiring to begin the farm labor movement within the United States. During the farmworker strikes during the 1960s, Cruz assisted in uniting the Filipino and Mexican laborers, which he regarded as his “duty to fight for the union.” He helped found the Agriculture Workers Organizing Committee, which eventually merged with the National Farm Workers Association. He eventually became the second vice president of the union.
Vera Cruz was also one of the Filipino-American workers who early on organized the Delano Grape Strikes. Vera Cruz, however, later resigned from the UFW, the farmworkers movement, in 1977 as he felt that Cesar Chavez, who he had been working with, had not given Filipinos their credit for starting the labor movement. Later, Vera Cruz had received the Ninoy M. Aquino Award in 1987 in the Philippines despite not having his people’s recognition in America.
Sarah L.
Women’s participation in sports was once a whole new concept. Gertrude Ederle accomplished her life’s goal as the first woman to swim across the English Channel. This changed the dynamic of women in competitive swimming. Gertrude Ederle was one of five children born to parents who were German immigrants. She fell in love with swimming at a young age and learned at the local public pool. She sometimes swam at the New Jersey beach that her family visited during the summer.
As a teenager, Gertrude left school to train as a competitive swimmer and then joined the Women’s Swimming Association. She competed locally and she won her first race at 16. Between 1921 and 1925 she held 29 swim records. After her many successes, she made a profitable tour on the vaudeville circuit, where she gave swimming demonstrations. After a severe back injury in 1933, she could never compete again. She died at the age of 98 in 2003. A recreation center was named after her in Manhattan to help people remember the legacy.
Before training to complete her lifelong dream of crossing the English Channel, Gertrude Ederle swam at the Olympic Games in Paris in 1924. At the Olympics, her freestyle team won 3 medals. She began training to swim across the Channel in 1925. The Channel is 21 miles long and is between England and the European mainland. Only 5 male swimmers had done it before. She made her first attempt in 1925, but was disqualified halfway through. Gertrude tried a second attempt later on and was successful. It took her 14 hours and 3 minutes to complete her dream, and she even beat records set by the previous male swimmers.
After her success, and career ending back injury, Gertrude taught swimming at the school of the deaf in Lexington. She inspired women to push themselves in sports and to overcome stereotypes. I relate to Gertrude because I have been a competitive swimmer for 11 years. She is very inspiring and hearing about her accomplishments in the sport that we both love is very interesting and amazing. Although many might not recognize the historical context or name of Gertrude Ederle, she changed many views on women in sports. In the swim world, she will always be remembered for her dedication, bravery, accomplishments, and ability in the sport.
Jorja W.
Sarah Chang was born on December 10th, 1980, and is a Korean American classical violinist. Sarah Chang was raised in New Jersey by her South Korean parents who moved to the United States in 1979 so that her father could earn his advanced music degree at Temple University. She was taught music by her mother at a very young age. At 3 years old she learned how to play melodies with one finger. When she turned 4 she was given a 1/16 violin. A year later she auditioned and was accepted to the Juilliard School of Music. She was well known for being a child prodigy and first performed with the New York Philharmonic and Philadelphia Orchestra in 1989. In 1991 when she was 10 years old, she recorded her first album which was soon released on August 18, 1992. The album reached Billboard charts of classical bestsellers, and a year later she won an award for Gramophone Magazine Young artist of the year. She became famous very fast and performed up to 150 concerts a year. Later she graduated from Julliard School of Music at the age of 19 in 1999. In the same year she won the Avery Fisher Prize and a few years later won the Hollywood Bowls Hall of Fame. 7 Years later in 2006, she was ranked as one of the Top Eight Achieving Females in the US.
Ashton T.
Michelle Chongmi Zauner is a singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist musician who is well known as the lead vocalist of the successful band Japanese Breakfast. Michelle Zauner was born on March 29, 1989, in Seoul, South Korea. Michelle Zauner and her family moved to Oregon, United States when she was 9 months old. She came from a family of a Jewish-American dad and a Korean mother. Michelle Zauner hated the fact she didn’t feel connected to her Korean side of herself, but Korean food helped her to better connect to her Korean heritage, especially after her mother passed away from cancer.
The passing of her mother is what led to the creation of the band Japanese Breakfast. She made music to express her emotions and grief of her mother’s death. Her debut album, Psychopomp, was an immediate success, and she was praised for her amazing stage performance which has been described as joyous and playful against her melancholic lyrics in her music. Today, the band has released two more studio albums, and She directed the soundtrack of an Indie game called Sable. Her success comes from the fact that her music is giving a unique perspective of what it is like being a Korean American.
Dylan W.
The saying “for better or worse” has changed in many ways over time. The idea of love and marriage took a while for people to grasp. Loveless marriages have always existed. Normally marriages are based on love and connection, but there are some based on political purposes, economic institutions, sexual attraction, and fulfillment.
During the early 1900s, for middle-class men, marriages were a way to make a profit, and for lower-class men, it was a way to get a working partner. During the 1950s, there was a lot of social pressure for not being married. Around the time, on average, most couples get married during their early twenties. A man who wasn't married was often passed over for a promotion or job.
Marriages were also based on race. Interracial marriages were forbidden and illegal. Breathtakingly, there was a change when the interracial couple Richard and Mildred Loving put the law to the test. Legally, the couple got married in Washington, D.C, and were arrested upon returning to Virginia. Pleading guilty, the couple was ordered to leave the state without return to continue their marriage. The Loving family felt that this was not fair, so they reached out to make a change. On their behalf the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) began the appeal process.
In favor of the Loving family, the Supreme Court ruled that marriage "across racial lines" was legal in all states. Since then, the rate of interracial marriages has increased. Another change in marriages is same-sex marriage. The United States became the twenty-first country to recognize same-sex marriages. The Supreme Court ruled that same-sex relationships would be free to date/marry in all 50 states and were entitled to the same legal rights and benefits as heterosexual relationships.
Eight percent of American marriages are same-sex marriages. Even with same-sex marriages, the marriage rate is back on the decline at a rapid pace. Nowadays, the divorce rate is almost at 60 percent. This makes young people less secure in marriages today. Over time, marriages have become less essential and there overall perception in society has changed greatly.
Lauren H.
PICTURED: MILDRED AND RICHARD LOVING, JIM OBERGEFELL. THEIR RESPECTIVE LEGAL CHALLENGES IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES POWERFULLY CHANGED THE HISTORY OF MARRIAGE ALL ACROSS THE COUNTRY. REFLECT ON THE POWER OF LEGAL SYSTEMS, THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL CHANGES, AND THE IMPACTS ON OUR EVERY DAY LIVES.
Ronnie del Carmen was born in Cavite City, Philippines on December 31, 1959. He moved over to the United States in 1989 with his brothers, Louie del Carmen and Rick del Carmen. All three of the brothers are in the animation industry, especially Ronnie and Louie. They celebrate their heritage in animation. Ronnie and Louie are very famous in the animation industry and all three are still alive. Both Ronnie and Louie went to the University of Santo Tomas.
Ronnie has worked for DreamWorks Animation, Pixar Animation Studios, and is currently working for Netflix Animation. He worked on movies such as The Prince of Egypt, The Road to El Dorado, Finding Nemo, Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up, Inside Out, Coco, Incredibles 2, Toy Story 4, and Soul. He also wrote books such as Paper Biscuit and And There You Are.
He won a Eisner Award, Daytime Emmy Award, Annie Award and was nominated for the Annie Award twice, Animated Feature Division Award, and was nominated for the Academy Award of Best Original Screenplay.
Victoria L.
Dr. Margaret “Mom” Chung was born on October 2, 1889, in Santa Barbara, California. Her parents had immigrated there as young children and went on to have eleven children, Margaret being the eldest.
When she eventually went to Medical school, intent on becoming a medical missionary to China, she wore masculine clothing and referred to herself as “Mike.” After her graduation, though, she was unfortunately rejected because of her race. Undeterred, she never gave up on becoming a healer. She moved back to her home state and treated victims of industrial accidents and actors from the growing entertainment business.
In 1922, Margaret opened a clinic in San Francisco’s Chinatown. Unfortunately, the residents were skeptical of western medicine and saw her as an outsider. A suspicion made worse by her wearing masculine clothing. But this “outsider” status eventually made it easier for her as it attracted visitors and tourists.
The Sino-Japanese war in the 1930s eventually attracted members of the U.S. Navy to her clinic, namely Steven G. Bancroft and some of his pilot friends. Dr. Chung and the group hit it off, and thus Dr. Chung’s new nickname: “Mom.”
She became the “mom” of thousands of people; aviators, politicians, actors, poets, and many more. She supported them all by connecting them to each other and sending Christmas gifts to them. She held weekly Saturday dinners at her own home. She was covered in the media as an example of American patriotism.
Eventually, Dr. Chung used her vast connections with politicians and members of the army to help establish WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service) but she herself did not receive proper credit for it and nor was she ever accepted in.
When she was unfortunately diagnosed with cancer, thousands of her “adopted sons” banded together to create a charity for her to live comfortably in her last days.
Unfortunately, she passed away from cancer on January 5th, 1959 at the age of 69.
Dresden M.
Every single person on earth has the power to make major change, whether we believe it or not. Inventing, speaking, believing in our ideas strongly. These are the pathways to make the world a better place, this is our cry for freedom and our expression of love.
Born September 6, 1957, in Baroda India, Ajay Bhatt lived a relatively typical life for someone of his upcoming. Eventually, when Bhatt grew up he finished graduating with a bachelor's degree from Maharaja Sayajirao University then moved to New York to attain his master’s degree as well. Now living in Oregon there is very little to mention how he celebrates his heritage.
The story of how he became successful starts with an issue that his wife was having while trying to connect her computer to a printer. Because of this Ajay sought to create an easier way to connect different devices. This drive eventually led to the Universal Series Bus or the USB for short. After creating a very crude version of the current USB, Bhatt tried to present his idea to multiple companies such as Apple. After a while, Intel finally agreed to take Bhatt in and help him evolve this idea. Once the USB began to gain traction Ajay gave the idea to Intel for little to no money because in his mind as long as the company grew that was the profit that he wanted. After the USB took off he then continued on to invent other types of tech advancements such as AGP Bus and PCI Express cables as well as 130 other patents.
Now retired, with only about as much as any other Intel employee would have, Bhatt tries to help small startups as a hobby. At the time of his retirement, Bhatt also said he would try to build his dream “smart home” with many different interactive features like a security system, customizable lights, and even a remotely controlled dishwasher.
Matthew R.
Bill Gates is one of the richest people to ever live. He grew up in Seattle, Washington as William Henry Gates. He was raised in an upper-middle-class family with his older sister, younger sister, mom, and dad. His mom and dad encouraged their three children to be competitive and strive for excellence.
Mr. Gates caught on early in his life when he would read reference books for hours such as the encyclopedia. Around the age of 11 his parents noticed that he seemed bored in school and might become a loner. So they enrolled him at Seattle's exclusive preparatory Lakeside School. He succeeded in every subject, especially Drama and English. While at Lakeside, a Seattle computer company offered to provide computer time for the students. Bill then fell in love with computers and decided to build a company with the founder of Microsoft, Paul Allen.
Bill Gates has had an impact on history since 1975 when he and the founder Paul Allen created the largest computer company in the world and gained billions of dollars. Bill Gates's company went global with offices in Great Britain and Japan in 1983. He’s also had an impact by spending billions of dollars on foundations around the world.
Bill Gates has been an inspiration to many people in his life, by building a large business, gaining billions, going to Harvard, etc. I relate to Bill Gates because someday I want to become a billionaire and be very successful in life. I also want to help people with my business and donate millions of dollars to charity. Even though I’m not into computers like him, he’s still an inspiration.
Jaiyla E.
There are many significant people in history that do not get the recognition that they deserve. One person that comes to mind is Malala Yousafzai. Malala was born July 12, 1997, in Mingora, Swat Valley, Pakistan. Her parents are Ziauddin and Toor Pekai Yousafzai. Her dad played a big role in her wanting to stand up for female education when he took her to a local press club. There she gave her first speech at age 11. The name of the speech was, “How Dare the Taliban Take Away My Basic Right to Educate." Not only did she give many more speeches, but she also made television appearances, like her first in February of 2009. Lastly, Malala was known as the youngest Nobel Peace Prize laureate in 2014. These movements were the start of Malala becoming an activist for fighting for female education.
Malala Yousafzai could be considered a big inspiration all around the world. Many people have heard of her because of her attack in 2012. Females were not allowed to go to school, but Malala and a couple friends wanted to fight for what is right, and they got on the bus to go. This movement made the Taliban mad and Malala got shot. This happened on October 9, 2012. She was 15 at the time. Malala survived, successfully recovered, and made her first appearance back on her 16th birthday. Yes, this was a big deal, but Malala did not stop there. She ended up going back to school and graduated from Oxford University in 2020. Malala Yousafzai became a role model worldwide and proved to people how important education is.
Malala did many great things that not everyone would have the courage to. Everything she did was to help girls get an education. I personally think education is very important for everyone to have. I feel I can connect to Malala through this belief. Education is a helpful guide to have in life and can get you many places. It is something that everyone should be able to experience and have the opportunity to learn. Malala saw this and never gave up to fight for what is right.
Madysin B.
There are many times when people were found guilty in court when they were really innocent. It is very depressing that people get punished for being innocent just because others feel as if they were guilty. This has been happening for a long time, and these people are mostly of African descent.
In 1990, Kevin Richardson, Antron McCray, Raymond Santana, Korey Wise, and Yusef Salaam were falsely convicted for the brutal assault on Trisha Meili. Around 1:30 in the morning on April 20, 1989, Meili was found in a park brutally beaten and assaulted. Throughout the night, there were many more robberies, assaults, and attacks going on. Because of this, the police took around 20 African-American and Hispanic teens into custody including Richardson and Santana. Salaam and McCray were later taken in for questioning. Wise being a good friend to Salaam went with him, so he wouldn’t be alone.
On April 21, 1989, the video confessions started for the people taken into custody - some without legal counsel, but some with parental guidance. Throughout the day they were interrogated, starved, and abused for seven hours. The Central Park Five were very exhausted from not getting any sleep and they were ready to go home, so they made false confessions. Because of this, they went to court for the assault on Meili.
Within the court, they tried withdrawing their confessions because they felt forced to make them so they could go home. They pleaded not guilty and didn’t take any plea deals on the charges because they knew they were innocent. Elizabeth Lederer was the lead prosecutor in the trial. None of the DNA found at the scene was traced back to them and there was no substantive physical evidence found against them either. Even though there was no concrete evidence collected against them, they were still found guilty on some charges related to assault and more.
Richardson, McCray, Santana, and Salaam got sentenced to serve six to seven years each in juvenile since they were at the ages of fourteen and fifteen. Wise was treated as an adult when he was sixteen and was sentenced to serve thirteen years in an adult prison. Throughout the years the teens, except for Wise, ended up all pleading guilty to receive reduced charges and lesser sentences.
In 2002, Wise met Matias Reyes, who later confessed to being the real perpetrator of the Meili case, in prison. In May 2002, Reyes confessed to the assault on Meili. Later, Wise was released from prison. Belatedly in 2002, the state withdrew all the charges against the Central Park Five. The Central Park Five later sued the city and won a settlement for $41 million.
Trenidy W.
Thank you for reading! We'll see you in September for a new adventure.