(Image 1)https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Compound_Microscope_1876.JPG
(Image 2) villageantiques.ch
(Image 3)https://www.mpg.de/7913340/galileo-galilei-telescope
(Image 4) https://kajmeister.com/u-is-for-usury
(Image 5) https://www.seevenice.it/en/stained-glass-windows-in-venice-and-murano/ (Alexa)
(Image 6) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Cathedral
(Image 7) https://www.thecollector.com/maps-resources/italian-peninsula-renaissance-map/
(Image 8) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa
(Image 9) https://gertitashkomd.com/the-italian-renaissance-begins-c-1350-1550/
(Image 11) https://research.rkd.nl/nl/detail/https%3A%2f%2fdata.rkd.nl%2fimages%2f61578
(Image 12) https://www.seevenice.it/en/stained-glass-windows-in-venice-and-murano/
(Image 13) https://www.stainedglassinc.com/window/3970-eucharistic-symbol-with-chalice-and-host/
(Image 14) https://veneziaautentica.com/murano-glass/
(Image 15) https://www.beachcombingmagazine.com/blogs/news/the-origins-of-murano-glass?
(Image 16) https://solander.art/Johann-Ludwig-Belitski
(Image 17) https://www.langantiques.com/university/renaissance-jewelry/?srsltid=AfmBOoraTSa86cewQiRbfHg-
(Image 18) https://www.antiquetelescopes.org/17thc.html
(Image 19) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracting_telescope
(Image 20) https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounders/optical-telescopes
(Image 21) https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76468
(Image 22) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_Venus
(image 23) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method
(Image 24)
(Image 1) (norah's invention page photo)
(Image 2) villageantiques.ch
(Image 3)https://www.mpg.de/7913340/galileo-galilei-telescope
(Image 4) https://kajmeister.com/u-is-for-usury
(Image 5) https://www.seevenice.it/en/stained-glass-windows-in-venice-and-murano/ (Alexa)
(Image 6) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Cathedral
(Image 7) https://www.thecollector.com/maps-resources/italian-peninsula-renaissance-map/
(Image 8) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa
(Image 9) https://gertitashkomd.com/the-italian-renaissance-begins-c-1350-1550/
de Roover, Raymond. "The Scholastics, Usury, and Foreign Exchange." The Business History Review, vol. 41, no. 3, 1967, pp. 257–71. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3112192. Accessed 15 Oct. 2025.
de Roover, Raymond. "The Medici Bank Organization and Management." The Journal of Economic History, vol. 6, no. 1, 1946, pp. 24–52. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2112995. Accessed 15 Oct. 2025.
Edwards, James Don. "Early Bookkeeping and Its Development into Accounting." The Business History Review, vol. 34, no. 4, 1960, pp. 446–58. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3111429. Accessed 15 Oct. 2025.
Graham, Heather. "Art in the Italian Renaissance Republics, C. 1400–1600 – Smarthistory." Smarthistory, smarthistory.org/reframing-art-history/art-italian-renaissance-republics.
"The Medici and Sciences. Instruments and Machines in the Grand-Ducal Collections." Uffizi Galleries, 15 Nov. 2023, www.uffizi.it/en/events/medici-sciences-pitti-2008.
Monfasani, John. "THE RISE AND FALL OF RENAISSANCE ITALY." Aevum, vol. 89, no. 3,
2015, pp. 465–81. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43824718. Accessed 15 Oct. 2025.
(Image 11) https://research.rkd.nl/nl/detail/https%3A%2f%2fdata.rkd.nl%2fimages%2f61578
Haden, Russell L. “The Origin of the Microscope.” Annals of Medical History, vol. 1, no. 1, 1939, p. 30, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7939666/.
History.com Editors. “Italian Renaissance - Da Vinci, Galileo & Humanism.” HISTORY, 18 Oct. 2010, www.history.com/articles/italian-renaissance.
“History of Microscopes.” Microscope.com, 2025, www.microscope.com/education-center/articles/history-of-microscopes?srsltid=AfmBOoo_cWL2MXsC4raV6JYwkKGIY6860TE6ltN7lAmcROmOuKz
Labomed. “Microscopes in the Healthcare | Labomed®.” Laboamerica.com, 2022, www.laboamerica.com/blogs/the-role-of-microscopes-in-the-healthcare?p=w5WiSSmpsMXPDM2eF.
Sanat Pai Raikar. “Mercury Barometer | Invention, Evolution, Design, Measurement, & Facts.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 29 Sept. 2023, www.britannica.com/technology/mercury-barometer
. Accessed 18 Oct. 2025.
West, John B. “Torricelli and the Ocean of Air: The First Measurement of Barometric Pressure.” Physiology, vol. 28, no. 2, Mar. 2013, pp. 66–73, https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00053.2012.
. Accessed 18 Oct. 2025.
-This goes into depth on warfare during the renaissance.
-This goes into the Battke of pavia, where the original style of arquebus was used
-This goes into detail on how the musket was produced
Willach, Rolf. The Long Route to the Invention of the Telescope. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 2008, vol. 98, no. 5, pp. I–116.
The Long Route to the Invention of the Telescope
Suter, Rufus. Aristotle and the Scientific Method. The Scientific Monthly, 1939, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 468–72. Aristotle and the Scientific Method.
Barbe, Françoise, and Erwin Baumgartner. “Authentic or Not? Searching for Firm Ground in the Discussion on Renaissance Venetian Gilded and Enameled Glasses.” Journal of Glass Studies, vol. 63, Corning Museum of Glass, 2021, pp. 131–56, https://doi.org/10.2307/48635697. JSTOR.
“Beyond Venice.” Google Books, 2025, books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=K4yIWBD05qEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA271&dq=background+of+Venetian+glass&ots=8q0ZQCsY9d&sig=QAjpjghQOogIqsL3OrBusKCx5Dc#v=onepage&q=background%20of%20Venetian%20glass&f=false.
Jacoby, David. “RAW MATERIALS for the GLASS INDUSTRIES of VENICE and the TERRAFERMA, about 1370–about 1460.” Journal of Glass Studies, vol. 35, Corning Museum of Glass, 1993, pp. 65–90, https://doi.org/10.2307/24191061. JSTOR.
McCray, W. Patrick. “Glassmaking in Renaissance Italy: The Innovation of Venetian Cristallo.” JOM, vol. 50, no. 5, May 1998, pp. 14–19, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-998-0024-0.
---. “Glassmaking in Renaissance Italy: The Innovation of Venetian Cristallo.” JOM, vol. 50, no. 5, May 1998, pp. 14–19, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-998-0024-0.
Mentasti, Rosa Barovier, et al. “Venetian Conical Goblets of the Renaissance.” Journal of Glass Studies, vol. 61, Corning Museum of Glass, 2019, pp. 157–96, https://doi.org/10.2307/26862833. JSTOR.
Mentasti, Rosa Barovier, and Cristina Tonini. “Venetian Glass Saltcellars of the Renaissance.” Journal of Glass Studies, vol. 63, Corning Museum of Glass, 2021, pp. 197–246, https://doi.org/10.2307/48635699. JSTOR.
Rossi, Daniella. “HUMANISM and the RENAISSANCE.” The Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies, vol. 69, 2007, pp. 476–90, www.jstor.org/stable/25834052. JSTOR.
Scuro, Rachele, et al. “Shaping Identity through Glass in Renaissance Venice.” Materialized Identities in Early Modern Culture, 14501750, Amsterdam University Press, 2021, pp. 99–134, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1w9m9f9.7. JSTOR.
Verità, Marco, and Isabelle Biron. “Analytical Investigation of Genuine Renaissance Venetian Enameled and Gilded Glass.” Journal of Glass Studies, vol. 63, Corning Museum of Glass, 2021, pp. 157–96, https://doi.org/10.2307/48635698. JSTOR.
(Image 12) https://www.seevenice.it/en/stained-glass-windows-in-venice-and-murano/
(Image 13) https://www.stainedglassinc.com/window/3970-eucharistic-symbol-with-chalice-and-host/
(Image 14) https://veneziaautentica.com/murano-glass/
(Image 16) https://solander.art/Johann-Ludwig-Belitski
Sites:
“Italian Renaissance | National Gallery of Art.” National Gallery of Art, 2022, www.nga.gov/artworks/italian-renaissance.
“Italian Renaissance - Cultural Rebirth Though Intellectual Inquiry.” Obelisk Art History, www.arthistoryproject.com/timeline/age-of-discovery/italian-renaissance/.
---. “Italy - the Early Italian Renaissance.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2019, www.britannica.com/place/Italy/The-early-Italian-Renaissance.
Britannica. “Italy - the Early Italian Renaissance.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2019, www.britannica.com/place/Italy/The-early-Italian-Renaissance.
Pictures:
“10 Greatest Masterpieces of Italian Renaissance.” Artlists.org, artlists.org/renaissance/10-greatest-masterpieces-of-the-italian-renaissance/.
Lavanga, Claudio. “Has the Mystery of Leonardo Da Vinci’s Mother Finally Been Solved?” NBC News, 15 Mar. 2023, www.nbcnews.com/news/world/leonardo-da-vinci-mother-slave-caucasus-italy-new-research-book-rcna74670.
“Mona Lisa X Robert Delaunay.” Galerie Mont-Blanc, 2025, galeriemontblanc.com/en/products/mona-lisa-x-robert-delaunay?srsltid=AfmBOorRUgF-fzUNqaUPZl4dvkFnQszuhT3D4mda8q7prxg2csCLWC68. Accessed 19 Nov. 2025.