OED3 Reading Work

English Nautical Vocabulary 1295-1831

My work for the OED has been primarily in the areas of American history (late 16th through early 19th century), nautical and related terminology, and North American tribal names. I offer here a few examples from my readings in nautical history; an article dealing with tribal names will appear in a future issue. I have long been fascinated by words, and in my work as a stevedoring superintendent, my curiosity about nautical language was piqued by my contact with Greek sailors. A growing acquaintance with Modern Greek nautical language revealed the pervasive influence of Italian terminology, and I gradually learned the historical importance of nautical lexical exchange throughout the Mediterranean. In my studies, I accumulated a large amount of Mediterranean nautical material which I believed would constitute a valuable dictionary if it could be assembled properly. Though that goal has not been achieved, I was pleased to make contact with the OED when I wrote to Edmund Weiner asking whether he would be interested in data that would shed some Mediterranean light on a few English etymologies. I soon found myself doing maritime historical reading.

Medieval manuscripts, especially the accounts kept of the building of ships for the Crown, are a rich source of material for the OED, often providing striking antedatings: buoy (OED 1466), for instance, appears in 1295 as 'boye', and pitch-pot (OED 1719) in the same year as an inventory entry 'in vii. ollis que dicuntur "Pichpottes" ad galeam predictam' [for 7 jars called 'pitch-pots' for the said galley], where it occurs in the scribal Latin context common to official documents of the period.

Captain William Keeling, in his East India Journal of 1614-5, displays a facility with language, using a number of expressive words new to the OED; for instance: 'I recd. that extreamlie unkind l[ette]re from Sr. Tho. Smith, never obliviable'; and 'About 12 we were 2 l[eague]s from the west point of Zocatora..having formerlye cloudishlie seene the Dos Hermanos to windward'. He uses spleen (already in the OED) in a lively simile: 'The water continuallye smoakes there by the winds violence, as if the spleene of hellish witchcraft were there raging'. Keeling's subordinate, Thomas Bonner, antedates the OED by 54 years for an important cartographic term while mastering the art of understatement: 'This daye at no[o]ne by Mercators projecktion I am ashore: but by plano I finde my ship to be 87 leags of[f], a great difference'. (The old plano projection was correct: he was not aground.) Nicholas Buckeridge, another East India master who wrote c1653, uses the word incher which is not known to the OED till 1885: 'I have yett a ffurther request to yow that you would leave us A Cable & anchor if yow can possible spare it, ye cable about 11 or 12 Incher'. Timoteo O'Scanlan, whose name leads one to suspect an Anglophone heritage, wrote an excellent nautical dictionary (Diccionario Marítimo Español, 1831) to which he appends glossaries in English, French, and Italian. The English terms are a rich source of early 19th century technical vocabulary, and some yield deeper insights: at the entry glass, he gives the phrase to flay or sweat the glass, the equivalent of the Spanish robar la ampolleta, which he says is 'to turn it before all the sand has run out; a malicious action by the helmsman..done to shorten his watch' [my translation]. The action is malicious because it makes inaccurate the dead-reckoning based on the time as measured by the hour-glass.

Readings in disparate subject-areas sometimes produce interesting convergences. The use of the word plano in the quotation from Bonner, for instance, is new to the OED, even though the technical term in plano occurs several times in the text of the Dictionary (from 1527 to 1903). Also new to the OED is plano in the sense of a type of stone projectile-point important in North American archaeology (and of the cultural tradition named for the point): there are many twentieth-century instances of the word in this sense, none of which is cited in the OED. Finds like these nurture in OED readers the same anticipation of the unexpected that archaeologists must feel during an excavation: we dig for precious verbal artifacts in the deep strata of printed English.

    • Slip Examples

  • Slips I've submitted to the OED from Sandahl's Middle English Sea Terms and O'Scanlan's Diccionario Marítimo Español, 1831. Each slip consists of a headword in bold type followed, where necessary, by a reference to the appropriate section of the existing entry in the second edition of the OED. (A number following the headword or the abbreviation for the part of speech immediately (i.e., without a space) represents the OED's superscript which is used to distinguish senses.) Then follows the reason the citation was made: "antedates" if the quoted example is earlier than the earliest recorded in OED2; "def." or "etym." if the example provides material that will materially alter the existing definition or etymology; "not in OED" if I was unable to find it in OED2; "new meaning" or "new var." if the example provides a meaning not adduced in OED2 or an unrecorded, orthographically significant variant. The next paragraph contains the date of the example and the bibliographic reference, and the next, the quotation cited. Finally comes a translation ("trans:"), if necessary, and any comments by the reader ("note:").

North American Ethnonymy

My OED work on North American tribal names (ethnonyms) arises ultimately from my interest in Ojibway, the dominant Native American language of the northeastern portion of my home-state of Minnesota. As a child, I learned bits of Ojibway (then usually called Chippewa and now often Anishinabe) from my grandfather and was surrounded by the Ojibway placenames of the upper Great Lakes region. I also worked for several years as a national park ranger on Isle Royale in northern Lake Superior, a situation which gave me the opportunity to research Ojibway toponymy and natural history terminology. I published two papers on placenames, and my interest broadened into the Algonquian language-family of which Ojibway is a member and into Native American languages in general. Given my background in North American languages, the editors of the OED asked me to survey the field and do the research necessary to revise existing entries for North American ethnonyms and draft new ones where required.

Of the 361 ethnonym entries I have worked on in the last three years, 111 are in OED2 and 250 are new. (I use the term ethnonym loosely also to include glossonyms, the names of language-families, languages, and dialects.) I have relied on two masterpieces of reference literature in the field, the Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, edited by F. W. Hodge (1907-10), and the massive Handbook of North American Indians, W. Sturtevant, General Editor (1978-), being published by the Smithsonian Institution. The framework constructed from those sources is filled out with citations from primary sources chosen specifically for their productivity of ethnonyms. Some of these suggested new entries have as few as four or five supporting quotations, but most have many more: Arkansa (1698-1946), Assiniboine (1684-1996), Iowa (1698-1996), Nadowessie (1698-1880), Otagamie (1698-1901), Otoe (1698-1996), and Saulteaux (1660-1996), for instance, all have more than twenty. Though Tionontati, the name of an Iroquoian people closely associated with the Huron of southern Ontario, is not in the OED and despite its distinctly un-English appearance, it is supported by 15 citations. Cahokia, Kaskaskia, Michigamea, Peoria, and Tamaroa, subdivisions of the Illinois people, are absent from the OED but now have enough documentary support to warrant consideration. (I have generally refrained from proposing entries that are supported by a few mostly technical ethnographic sources.)

In addition to proposing new entries, I have found substantial additional material for existing entries. Dogrib, for example, is in the OED from 1881, but I have found more than 20 citations for the period 1744-1881. Also already in the OED, but in no ethnonymic sense, are Cayuse (as a breed of horse), now with 18 ethnonymic citations from 1828 to 1998, and Chinook (as a trading jargon and a warm wind of western North America), now with 25 ethnonymic cites (1805-1998); both will now have more adequate etymologies. Ethnonyms provide new meanings also for Moor n.2, Moravian n.2, stone n., and Stinkard, the latter a translation of the French Puan, a name for the Winnebago people of eastern Wisconsin, which was itself adopted briefly by English-speakers. Red Knife, Yellow Knife, Copper(mine), and Tatsanottine, none of which has an entry in the OED, are all etymologically related names for an Athapaskan people of the Northwest Territories. The new words Lakota and Nakota are etymologically equivalent to Dakota (already in), and Nagailer deserves its place alongside its (unobvious) etymological sibling Takulli. The new word Poet is the equivalent of the -boine of Assiniboine.

Several OED etymologies can now be significantly revised. Eskimo, for instance, is now 'netter of snowshoes' rather than 'eater of raw flesh'; from "native name" Papago advances to 'tepary-bean person' and Spokane to 'round-head'; andIroquois can arguably be derived from a Basque word meaning 'killer people' as used in the Basque-Algonquian trading pidgin of the early contact period in eastern Canada.

Some finds are of a more technical nature, relating to North American linguistics or ethnology. Henry Schoolcraft (1852) notes that in the Chippewa language 'there is, in the pronoun, an inclusive and an exclusive plural...the plural we, and us, and our..admit of a change to indicate whether the objective person or persons be included or excluded'. These are new meanings of the words for the OED, which are later firmly established in use by the Algonquianist Leonard Bloomfield (1946) "Person is first, second, and third, with distinction of exclusive and inclusive first person plural", and appear throughout the American linguistic literature, e.g. (1988), "first person plural (inclusive)...first person plural (exclusive)".

There are difficulties in the lexicography of ethnonyms that are similar to those encountered in any terminological system. Perhaps the most obvious and troubling to me is the problem of comprehensiveness: considering the ethnonym system as a whole, one might prefer that if any name at a given hierarchical level--say, dialects of a particular language--is included, then all should be. Such exhaustiveness is not, however, the aim of the OED; the aim is rather the inclusion of all words that are a significant part of the corpus of printed English. While the names of some Kwakiutl tribes, for instance, warrant inclusion, others appear too seldom (or not at all in non-technical English) to have a place. I've grown accustomed to such inconsistencies.

Other problems, confusion foremost among them, are more peculiar to North American ethnonyms. There is an incredible profusion of variant spellings: transcriptions were often made under ethnographically difficult conditions by untrained and sometimes only semi-literate people during initial European expansion. Some names came into English from as many as two or three other languages, resulting in further proliferation of forms. In the Mississippi valley, for instance, French, Spanish, and English were all in use at the same time, as were English, Dutch, and Swedish in the eastern U.S., and English and Russian in Alaska. Confusingly similar or even identical names were applied to wholly unrelated peoples, or, more confusing still, to neighboring or related groups. The Ahtna are an Athapaskan-speaking people of southern Alaska, while Atnah was borrowed from a Takulli name for the Salishan Shuswap people of British Columbia. Blackfoot refers to an Algonquian-speaking Plains people and to a division of the Siouan-speaking Teton. The Cancy are the Athapaskan Plains Apache, and the Kansa are nearby Siouan-speakers. Montagnais is a generic French term ('mountain-dweller') that came to be applied especially to an Algonquian people of Quebec and Labrador and to the Athapaskan Mountain people of the Northwest Territories. The Squamish and the Suquamish are two distinct Salishan-speaking peoples, one in British Columbia, the other in Washington State. The Athapaskan- speaking Tanana and Tanaina, whose names are etymologically unrelated, occupy adjacent territories in southern and central Alaska. Names often classified peoples and languages in ways that conformed neither with ethnolinguistic reality, nor with the named peoples' concepts of their own identities. This was particularly true of ethnonyms adopted by Euro-Americans: these were in many instances borrowed from neighboring groups and so were frequently derogatory (enemy, foreigner).

Questions of language classification can't be dismissed as mere 'semantic quibbling', because languages are understood today in the framework of genetic and descriptive hierarchies. We must realize, however, that such concepts are always changing: OED4 will find many problems with the glossonyms of OED3. Hokan and Penutian, for instance, are hypothetical 'superfamilies' whose extent and internal relations are highly controversial, and whose definitions must remain tentative. On a lower level, Chiwere (comprising Otoe, Missouri, Iowa), and Dhegiha (comprising Omaha-Ponca, Osage, Kansa, Quapaw) are considered by some as languages of the Siouan family, and by others as subfamilies.

The lexicography of North American ethnonyms is difficult and sometimes frustrating, but few areas of study reward the researcher with greater insight into the interrelationships of language and history. My work is, as friends and family have pointed out, quite narrow and specialized, but, along with the work being done in innumerable other fields, it provides the building-blocks of the OED.

(Many non-ethnonymic Native American etymologies can be refined: skunk, referred by OED2 to "Amer. Indian (Abenaki)", is from the Massachusett (English orthography) squunck representing a Proto-Algonquian word with a meaning something like 'pissing, bushy-tailed animal'. So also with pronunciations, some of which have been assumed by the editors: the pronunciation of geoduck, for instance, seems obvious at first glance, and the OED has—in nontechnical transcription—"geo duck", where it should have "gooey duck".)

Sample Ethnonym Entry: Assiniboine

  • The following is a mock-up of a tentative OED entry ASSINIBOINE,based on my ethnonym reading work. The entry published in OED3 will differ in many respects from the one presented here.

    • Assiniboine (ʌ'sɪnɪboɪn) n. & a. Forms: α . 16 Asinipour; β . 16 Asenipoete, 16 Assinaepoet,16-17 (19) Senipoett, 17 Sin(n)epoet, Seni-Poit, Sineapoit, Assinney Poet, Assinne(e) Poet, Assinipoiet, 18 Assinepoet ; γ . 16 Assenipoulac, 17 Assinipoual, Assinibouel, Asnibboil, Assinipoil, Assiniboil, 18 Osinipoil; δ . 17 Asniboin, 18 Asseenaboine, Assineboin, Essinaboin, Assinaboin, 18- Assin(n)iboin(e). Pl. unchanged or with -s. [< Canad. Fr. Assiniboine < Ojibwa assini:-pwa:n lit. 'stone Sioux' < Proto-Algonquian *aʔseny-i 'stone' + *pwa:θ a 'enemy, Sioux'. The 'stone' reference may be to the Rocky Mountains (Ojibway assini:waciw, Cree asini:waciy lit. 'stone mountains'); and see quots. 1691 and 1805. Forms α . (in -r) and γ . (in -l) show varying Old Ojibway reflexes of PA *-θ , while forms β . (in -t) show the Cree reflex, and forms δ . (in -n) have the modern Ojibway reflex. Forms in -k or -c have the Algonquian animate plural ending. Cf. *STONE {new sense}; stone-boiler s.v. STONE n. 20a; *STONEY {new entry} n.2]

    • a. (A member of) an originally nomadic Native American people residing at first Euro-American contact in Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, and now principally in northeastern Montana and southern Saskatchewan, where they subsisted primarily on buffalo and engaged in almost constant conflict with other Sioux groups. b. A language of the Dakotan group of the Siouan family. Also attrib. or as adj.

    • α . [1669-70 Jesuit Relations (1896-1901) LIV. 192 Les Assinipoüars qui ont quasi la mesme langue que les Nadoüessi, sont vers l'Oüest de la Mission du S. Esprit.] 1684 P. E. RADISSON Voyages (1943) 246 The names of the Nations that live in the North...Asinipour [et al.]

    • β .1684 P. E. RADISSON Voyages (1943) 347 The chief of the Asenipoetes disposed himself to march against the English. 1690 Hudson's Bay Company Letter Book in A. G. Doughty & C. Martin Kelsey Papers (1929) xxv, This summer I sent up Henry Kelsey..up into the Country of the ASSINAEPOETS with the Captain of this Nation. [1691 in E. Rich Fur Trade (1967) 70-5 Mountain Poets.] 1716 in A. RAY Indians in the Fur Trade (1974) 19 There has been all those Indians as they call them Sinnepoets Destroyed. 1729 Ibid. 14 The..Poetts [Sioux] had Destroyed most of our Senipoetts by the Instigation of the french. 1730 in Letters from Hudson's Bay (Publ. Hudson's Bay Record Soc.XXV, 1965) 149 I..design to order two tribes of the Port Nelson Indians to go down to Churchill next summer, likewise some Seni-Poits. 1743 J. ISHAM Obs. Hudson's Bay 36 Stone Indian or sine poet Language. Ibid. 44 1758 in A. RAYIndians in the Fur Trade (1974) 42 Want wbn and camt to twenty teantes of the Sineapoits and there was a pound as the[y] maed to kill the boffles in. 1774 S. HEARNE Jrnl. (1934) 99 Met 4 Cannoes of Assinney Poets going to the Fort with Trade. 1776 in J. B. Tyrrell Jrnls. Hearne & Turnor (1934) 39 Several of the Assinnee Poet Indians from Sacketakow Wachy [i.e.] Thick woody Mountain..have been here this winter. 1790 E. UMFREVILLE Present State of Hudson's Bay 178 Those Indians from whom the Peltries are obtained are known to us by the following names, viz. The Ne-heth-a-wa Indians. The Assinne-poetuc Indians. The Fall Indians. The Sussee Indians. The Black-feet Indians. The Paegan Indians. The Blood Indians. 1798 in A. M. Johnson ed. Saskatchewan Jrnls. (Edmonton House & Chesterfield House) (Hudson's Bay Record Soc. Publ. XXVI, 1967) 151 Two Assinipoiet Indians arrived with a few furs to trade. c1850 D. THOMPSON Narr. (1962) 40 The Indians who traded at these houses were of the tribes of Nahathaways and Stone Indians called Assine poetwak, or people of stony lands. 1974 A. RAY Indians in the Fur Trade 53 The Stone Indians were Assiniboine, and were also identified as the Northern Sinepoetts (Woodland Assiniboine) and Southern Sinepoetts (Parkland-Grassland Assiniboine).

    • γ . [c1658 R. G. Thwaites Jesuit Relations (1896-1901) XLIV. 248 Assinipoualak.] 1698 L. HENNEPIN New Discovery (1903) I. 267 The Nation of the Assenipoulaks..who lie North-East of the Issati. c1720 H. MOLL Map N. Amer. in A. L. Humphreys Antique Maps (1989) 174 The Bogs Morasses & Lakes of the Assinipovals. [1736 in Bull. Recherches Historiques XXXIV. (1928) 545 Les Assenipoëls ou Pouans.] 1742 J. LA FRANCE New Map N. Amer. Assinibouels of the Meadows. 1767 J. CARVER Jrnls. (1976) 100 These bands of the Naudowessee...hold continual wars with..the Asnibboils. c1768 J. CARVER Travels N. Amer. (1781) 80 The Naudowessie nation, when united, consists of more than two thousand warriors. The Assinipoils, who revolted from them, amount to about three hundred. c1797 J. MCDONNELL Red River in W. R. Wood & T. D. Thiessen Early Fur Trade (1985) 90 This ridiculous custom [a hair-style] is not peculiar to the Assiniboils, or Assiniboit, as the Crees call them. 1809 A. HENRY Travels (1901) 277 The Indians..immediately to the southward, are called Osinipoilles, or Assiniboins. Ibid. 305 By language, the Osinipoilles are allied to the Nadowessies; but, they are always at war with them.

    • δ . [1722 in F. Hodge Hdbk. Indians North of Mexico I. (1907) 104 Assinibouane.] 1766 J. CARVER Jrnls. (1976) 72 To the norwest even as far as Lake Winipeek in the country of the Christenous and Asniboines. 1804-5 W. CLARK Jrnls. Lewis & Clark Exped. III. (1987) 426 A Defensive War with the Sioux & Assinniboins. 1805 J. WHITEHOUSE Jrnls. Lewis & Clark Exped. XI. (1997) 119 The osnaboins... This nation live near the rockey mountains. 1809 see γ quot. 1823 J. FRANKLIN Journey Polar Sea 107 The Asseenaboine, termed by the Crees Asseeneepoytuck, or Stone Indians, are a tribe of Sioux. 1830 E. James Narr. John Tanner (1956) 132 I had been at home but a short time when I heard that the Assinneboins had boasted of taking my horse. 1853 H. R. SCHOOLCRAFT Indian Tribes III. 539 The Assinaboins separated from the Dacotahs at a time unknown. 1855 Repts. Railroad to the Pacific (33rd Cong., 2d sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 78) I. 148 The Assiniboins, east of the Blackfoot nation, have been steadily improving in character since the treaty of Laramie. Ibid. I met the Assiniboins in council at a large camp about one hundred and fifteen miles east of Fort Union...They complained of their hunting-ground being restricted by the Red river half-breeds. 1860 E. DOMENECH Deserts N. Amer. II. 9 The name of Assinniboins, or boilers of stones, was given to them on account of the extraordinary mode of boiling meat. They dig a hole in the ground, and place in it a piece of buffalo-leather, which they fill with water and meat; they then heat stones, which they throw into the water to make it boil. 1891 J. W. POWELL Indian ling. Families 115 Assinaboin (Hohe, Dakota name); most in British North America; some on Fort Peck Reservation, Montana. 1907 F. Hodge Hdbk. Indians North of Mexico I. (1907) 104 The only Assiniboin village mentioned in print is Pasquayah. 1973 Curr. Trends Ling. X. 1179 Edward Umfreville, an 18th century fur trader, provided a short wordlist of Assiniboine. 1996 Hdbk. N. Amer. Indians XVII. 276 Also generally proficient and avid sign users were the Assiniboines, Northern Arapahoes, and Crees. Ibid. 441 Speakers of the Assiniboine and Stoney dialects call their language Nakoda. 2000 Federal Register LXV. no. 49, 13299 Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Montana.

    • Sample Ethnonym Entry: Saulteaux

    • Saulteaux /soto/, n. & a. Forms (Those in -x are so cited because, though the form is usually clearly plural, it is not clear whether the corresponding singular forms had -x): 17-18 Sauteur, Sauteau(x, 17 Sautor, Seauteux, 18 Sauteux, Soteaux, Soataux, Sa(u)lteur, Sotoo, 18-19 Saulteaux, 18 Soutie, Salteau(x. Pl.: forms in -x unchanged; forms in final vowel have -s or -x; forms in -r unchanged or with -s. [ < Canad. Fr. Sau(l)teur (pl. Sau(l)teux) ‘person of the rapids’ < sault ‘rapids’ and/or < Old Ojibwa pa.wittikwiriniwak ‘people of the rapids’ < pa.wittikw- ‘rapids’ + iriniwak ‘people’. The Fr. pl. form in -x has come to be used also as a sg. form in Eng.]

      • a. At first European contact, (a member of) a band of Ojibwa residing principally at Sault Ste. Marie at the outlet of Lake Superior; later, a division of the Ojibwa occupying western Ontario and eastern Manitoba. b. The westernmost dialect of the modern Ojibwa language. Also attrib. or as adj.

    • [1640 in Jesuit Relations (1896-1901) XVIII. 228 À Baouichtigoian, c’est à dire, à la nation des gens du Sault, porce qu’en effect il y a un Sault qui se jette en cet endroit dans la mer douce. c1660 P. E. RADISSON Voyages (1853) 154 we weare but 5 small fine days from those..that lived in the sault of the coming in of the said upper lake..which hereafter we will call the nation of the salt. Ibid. Wee..came back wth a company of people of ye nation of ye Sault. c1668 in Jesuit Relations LI. 60 Mission des Outchibouec...Les François les appellent les sauteurs. 1698 L. HENNEPINNew Discovery 86 There is another Habitation of Savages near the Fall of St. Mary. The French call them Leapers, because they live near that great Fall, which they call a Leap.] 1742 J. LA FRANCE New Map of Part of North America, Sauteurs Indians. 1779 in E.E. Rich ed. Cumberland House Jrnls. & Inland Jrnls. 1775-82, 2d ser. 1779-82 (Hudson’s Bay Record Soc. Publ. XV, 1952) 296 This Goes to Inform you of Five Indians..Three Natives of the Land & Two Bungees or Sauteaus. [1781 J. CARVER Travels 97 This was a chief, called by the French the Grand Sautor, or the Great Chipéway Chief, for they denominate the Chipéways Sautors.] Ibid. 98 Not long after the Grand Sautor also arrived. 1791 J. LONGVoyages 43 We proceeded to the Falls of St. Mary...The nation of the Sauteurs formerly were settled at the foot of the falls. 1799 A. MACKENZIE Jrnls. (1970) 480 As soon as the Seauteux recovered from their pannic they pursued the Enemy and in ten days returned with three Scalps. 1800 D. HARMON Jrnl. (1957) 18 There are a few Americans, Scotch & Canadians, who carry on a small traffic with the Natives, who are Sauteux. Ibid. She likewise speaks the Cree and Sauteux tongues. 1805 Z. M. PIKE Jrnls. (1966) I. 20 Dined with him and were informed that the Sioux and Sauteaux are now as warmly engaged as ever. 1805 (Clark) Jrnls. Lewis & Clark Exped. III. (1987) 442 Souteurs [list]. 1807 in Minnesota History Bull. V. (1923-24) 35 Beaver formerly abounded here, but is now very scarce, and dangerous to hunt; being in the neighborhood of the Sioux, the implacable enemy of the Sauteux. 1820 in Saskatchewan Jrnls. (Edmonton House & Chesterfield House) (Hudson’s Bay Record Soc. Publ. XXVI, 1967) 6 Bungees or Soteaux. c1820 A. ROSS Fur Traders (1956) 208 I smiled..at the confusion of languages in our camp [at Flathead House] in which were two Americans, seventeen Canadians, five half-breeds from the east side of the mountains, twelve Iroquois, two Abanakee Indians from Lower Canada, two natives from Lake Nepissing, one Saultman from Lake Huron, two Crees from Athabasca, one Chinook, two Spokanes, two Kouttannois, three Flatheads, two Callispellums, one Palooche, and one Snake slave! 1821 Jrnl. George Simpson (Hudson’s Bay Record Soc. Publ. I, 1938) 387 The Natives of Peace River are Beaver Indians, there are also a few emigrant Soataux from the plains. 1823 J. FRANKLIN Journey Polar Sea 62 The name Saulteurs, applied to a principal band that frequented the Sault St. Marie, has been by degrees extended to the whole Tribe. It is frequently pronounced and written Sotoos. 1825 in Washington Hist. Quarterly V. (1914) 107 We started & then lost nearly an hour crossing (a freeman, the Soteaux & his baggage.) Ibid. 174 One of the..Soteaux..set off in the evening to the Flat Heads with several of the Spokane Indians. 1849 J. MCLEAN. Twenty-five Years' Service (1932) 127 We pitched our tents near a camp of Sauteux, from whom the men purchased a small quantity of sturgeon. Ibid. 184 There are..only four radically distinct languages from the shores of Labrador to the Pacific: Sauteux, Chippewayan, Atna and Chinook. 1851 J.RICHARDSON Arctic Searching Exped. I. 71 note, They are the Sauteurs or Saulteaux of the Canadians, and Sotoos of the fur traders. Ibid. II. 51 The well-fed Sauteurs of the River Winipeg, who are independent of the traders, repel the missionaries. 1852 H.R. SCHOOLCRAFT Indian Tribes II. 36 It [sc. the term Algonquin] is applied to the Salteurs of St. Mary [et al.] 1860 E. DOMENECH Deserts N. Amer. I. 444 Souties [in a list]. 1872 W. F. BUTLER Great Lone Land 387 Name of Tribe...Salteaux...Language...Salteaux. 1891 J. W. POWELL Indian Linguistic Families (1966) 125 Cree: With Salteau in Manitoba..3,066? Ibid. 126 Ojibwa:..."Salteaux" of treaty Nos. 3 and 4..Manitoba. 1937 in A. I. HALLOWELL Contrib. Anthropol. (1976) 317 Two statements by early nineteenth-century observers..apparently referred to the practice of cross-cousin marriage by some of the Saulteaux-Ojibwa bands between Lake Nipigon and Lake Winnipeg. 1978 Papers Ninth Algonquian Conf. 122 Before the change took place there was only one n-dialect in the region..the Saulteaux dialect of Ojibwa. 1981 Hdbk. N. Amer. Indians VI. 250 Residence after marriage among Lake Winnipeg Saulteaux is basically patrilocal. Ibid. There is no evidence that a residential condition was associated with any of the Saulteaux clans upon migration into the region. 1996 Hdbk. N. Amer. Indians XVII. 289 Saulteaux birchbark scrolls used by a Mide priest for training.