Transmedia story telling refers to delivering a single storyline through multiple media channels.
Unlike commercial films, music videos do not have a clear narrative, or even if they have a narrative, they lack consistency, and they consist of a layout of fragmented images, which triggers various interpretations by providing ambiguous clues. "Tteokbap(떡밥)" is mainly distributed through music videos, and "universe videos,"(세계관 영상) promotional videos, interviews, stage videos, and lyrics of songs included in albums. Fans who have captured this bait on various platforms share their interpretations on YouTube, Twitter, V-app, online communities, and add opinions to each other. The form of interpretation encompasses posts, comments, videos, and images. Fans re-contextualize, repurpose, and reuse previously given content according to their own point of view, which leads to re-transformation, reinterpretation, and re-editing of other fans. At this time, no one gives the answer for this tteokbap solving process, so the audience cannot know what a bait is. Paradoxically, the author's authority begins to collapse within this information asymmetry. The work is completed only through the participation of the audience, but it cannot be a single completed version. The storyline of the universe becomes an eternal performance of interpretation and re-interpretation, as can be referred to as ‘intertextuality’.
The BTS album focuses on the coming-of-age story of the youth with distinct characteristics of each members. The group name, 'BTS' literally means bullet proof boys, which conveys a message that on behalf of young people in their teens and 20s, the group will stand against the social prejudice and oppression and protect the value of their music. (BTS discrography from the BIGHIT MUSIC website)
The <School Trilogy(학교 3부작)> , the first series ablum of BTS, has a theme of the "boys' rebellion (against the social oppression)" and strengthens the group identity as 'boys(소년)' as suggested from the group name(BTS, 방탄'소년'단). In the school setting, the group released their debut songs, "No More No Dream(노 모어 노 드림)""N.O" and "Boy In Luv(상남자)", with the theme 'the youth's dream, happiness, and love'.
Since then, BTS has released their <Hwayang Yeonhwa(화양연화)> series albums, "Hwayang Yeonhwa(화양연화) Part 1", "Hwayang Yeonhwa(화양연화) Part 2", and "Hwayang Yeonhwa(화양연화) Young Forever". The album title, "Hwayang Yeonhwa(화양연화)," comes from the movie title which refers to 'the most beautiful and young moment of life'. The theme of the series ablums is precisely the moment of "youth" ridden by beauty and anxiety. Throughout the music video, the group delivers the key message of "youth in peril(위태로운 청춘)" in Part 1, "youth on the run(질주하는 젊음)" in Part 2, and "cheers to the youth & BTS's director(청춘들에게 보내는 응원과 자신들의 방향)" in the album "Young Forever." The same story continues in the following <WINGS> album.
The 2018 <Love Yourself> series contains a message that encourages growing young people, integrating the stories from all previous albums. The album conveys a key message to "love yourself", to confronting oneself with courage, even though one is not perfect.
'Authentic message' through direct involvement of the members in production
Big Hit Entertainment(which is now HYBE), BTS's agency, was not one of the bigg three entertainment corporations in Korea which are YG, SM and JYP. Therefore, BTS always faced anxiety and fear that they could be alienated from the public's attention at any time. The members of the BTS themselves were the young people in unstable social positions, which is the persona they tried to embody throughout the whole musical career. Their lives paralleled with the lives of the struggling young people because they themselves were in the same position. BTS drew a deep sense of empathy and homogeneity from the fans. Based on this strong sense of unity, BTS overcame the limitations of small agency in the support of fans.
Throughout the musical career, BTS members have not only trained their vocal and dancing skills, but also the ability to write and compose. Most of the BTS's lyrics are written by the members themselves in cooperation with the producers in the agency. BTS's honest and rproducugged message, on behalf of the teenagers and twenties, impressed young people around the world.
Individual character making of seven members
The seven members are depicted as victims of domestic violence, rape, social indifference and marginalized environments that the younger generation can experience. The setting of the characters are expressed through various media channels by HYBE such as music videos(mainly) and webtoon series.
"Hwayang Yeonhwa Pt.0 Save Me" is a naver webtoon series dealing with the BTS universe written by Big Hit Entertainment, and is adapted/produced by LICO, a subsidiary of Naver Webtoon corporation. The webtoon has gained huge popularity around the world since the release of the prologue and the first and second episodes on January 17. The cumulative views reached 50 million in seven regions, including Korea, the United States, Japan, China, Taiwan, Thailand, and Indonesia. The series ended with the release of episode 16 in April 2019.
Choreography and epic performance called “군무”
BTS often produces and releases two music videos per song, official music video and choreography video. Official MVs mainly serve as narratives. The music is the same, but the storytelling that follows in it develops in a different way. While sharing the same worldview through music, each member of the BTS is given an individual character, creating a continuous video like a drama.
It also plays another subplot in BTS's trans-media storytelling by releasing "choreography version" or "dance practice" videos separately from music videos. In addition, it is acting as a channel for new fans who are interested in K-POP through cover dance videos.
Transmedia Storytelling actualized through social engagement
BTS is expanding their message to 'love yourself' and their group identity by collaborating/partnering with different agencies. Their constant endeavor in conveying the message does not end in their musical career but is also actualized through acting out on social injustices on behalf of the youth and strengthening their image through different media. The CEO of HYBE, Bang Si-hyuk announced that BTS would collaborate with various platforms, contents, and game companies to produce games, novels, webtoons, and dramas using their IP (intellectual property rights). (Big Hit Corporate Briefing with the Community (2H 2020))
BTS 'Love Myself' Campaign with UNICEF
BTS and its label entered into a partnership officially with the Korean Committee for UNICEF affiliated with the United Nations on November 1, 2017, in an attempt to sponsor a campaign called #ENDviolence—UNICEF’s global campaign aimed at ensuring children and teens in the world lead safe and healthy lives without the fear of violence.
In this regard, BTS has created its own campaign called LOVE MYSELF, pursuing love and a better place to live for all. Along with #ENDviolence, the LOVE MYSELF campaign has raised a BTS LOVE MYSELF fund since 2017.
The fund raised is being used to protect and support child and teen victims of domestic and school violence as well as sexual assault around the world. Also, it is beingri used to provide an education to local communities for violence prevention.
BTS and its agency delivered 100 million won to the '4.16 Family Council', a group of bereaved families in the Sewol Ferry incident.
BT21(BTS X LINE FRIENDS)
BT21 is a character brand that Line Friends and BTS created together. Each BTS members designed their own character and participated in the initial sketch design, setting of each character's personality, and the BT21 universe.
BT21 is developing and expanding the worldview of BT21 UNIVERSE by interacting with global fans and collecting their ideas. Currently, the BT21 prop is available through online and offline stores in 14 regions, and the characters are used in short animations, brand collaboration, and mobile games.
Active participation and reproduction by fans
The story of BTS remains open to reinterpretation in various ways. The series album is linked to the previous and the latter, leaving only a variety of symbolic messages and clues instead of giving enough information in one content. Fans directly find and infer these clues to form a story. In the process, various creative interpretations become possible. (wiki page for BTS universe)
For example, on the "WINGS" album, short films about each member were produced with the motif of Hermann Hesse's "Demian." By borrowing the motif of a classic literature, it has not only increased the persuasive power of the album's theme, but also provided the novel as a device for fans to interpret the video. Fans actively find and analyze the clues("떡밥"), create new content, and share it with other fans to confirm their bond.
LE SSERAFIM is a girl group from HYBE deviewed in 2022. The group's name is an anagram for "I'm fearless" which comes from the quote "do not fear" of the angel in the first encounter with humans from the old testament. The name is said to contain the self-confidence and strong will to move forward without being swayed by the worldly oppressions.
Media Channels
'Crimson Heart' is an IP that HYBE presents as an original story. The Naver Webtoon 'Crimson Heart' is serialized in collaboration with HYBE's girl group idol LE SSERAFIM. Along with the webtoon, the web novel of the same name is serialized and translated into 10 languages.
Apart from LE SSERAFIM's official account, a "Crimson Heart by HYBE" account was created on YouTube, Instagram, and Twitter. The unit photos, character photos, and teaser videos featuring the members as the characters were released.
Story Line
"Crimson Heart" is an adventure story of girls leaving the controlled city of 'Repusia' to 'Unknown', an unfamiliar magical land with blue fireflies. It contains the coming-of-age narrative of girls who move forward together along their own goals and paths. HYBE illustrates that the worldview of "Crimson Heart" is in line with LE SSERAFIM's musical message that they will move fearlessly toward their goals.
HYBE X NAVER WEBTOON
Starting with "7FATES: CHAKHO" linked to BTS, "Dark Moon: The Altar of the Moon" linked to ENHYPEN and "The Star Seekers" linked to TOMORROW X TOGETHER have been released sequentially and are being published in series. Each work is presented in 10 languages not only in Korea but also through Naver Webtoon's global service. Following LE SSERAFIM's "Crimson Heart", the sequel to "Dark Moon: The Altar of the Moon", which is linked to HYBE's upcoming Japanese boy group, "& TEAM", is also set to be released.
SMCU is a project developed by SM Entertainment from October 2020. Starting with girl group 'aespa', which debuted in mid-November of the same year, the purpose of this project is to connect all artists of SM and expand them into a single universe.
"We are now going through the turbulent era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, in which unexpected variables such as COVID-19 as well as other diseases and climate change can occur at any time. In the future, as technology advances, there will be more changes in human lifestyles, and as I said before, the future world will be a world of celebrities and robots... SMCU (SMCULTURE UNIVERSE) was mentioned as a core value and vision of the future entertainment industry earlier, and we will showcase its new girl group 'aespa' as SMCU's first project, which will open the beginning of future entertainment."
“aespa” seems to be a four-member girl group, but it is officially introduced as an eight-member group in that each member's avatar member, "ae-member," exists on the metaverse "FLAT." The four offline members are connected to the ae-members through the process of "SYNK," and it is the "Gwangya" beyond the "Platt of Soul" through the passage of "P.O.S." to defeat the villain called "Black Mamba," which has been disconnected (SYNK-out).
The storyline is presented in the music video and lyrics of the title songs, including "Black Mamba", "Next Level", and "Savage", as well as the lyrics of the songs on the mini-album "Savage", and the universe video.
With the advent of transmedia storytelling, the story began to develop and expand unpredictably through numerous media. Transmedia content not only takes place simultaneously, but also develops into different stories for each media. Audiences who enjoy the content actively claim their opinions in the content production process.
It is important to build a comprehensive and symbolic worldview for the extension of the story throughout different media. As the content is enjoyed by audiences of different cultures, K-POP idols' worldview should cover various aspects of the racial characteristics, cultural background, and the rule of behavior in terms of temporal and spatial background. Therefore, as can be seen in the examples presented above, most worldviews are set in an unrealistic world such as that of fantasy or SF genre. Since the story is less scalable for consumption with limited characters and settings, it detours through exodus from the temporal constraint of the real world and returns by inducing an empathy from the audience based on undisputed, universal values such as self-will, self-love, and unity against a common enemy.
As fans discuss and reproduce a given story, the worldview is free from closeness and self-completeness and gains openness and expandability. In this process, fans take on the role not only of recipients, but also of the public constituting a discourse. As the k-pop's storytelling is organized according to the practice of the agency/artist/fandom, it faces the possibility of a consistent public forum for an "unfinalizable riddle" where public opinions can be formed because the answer is not set. Through this intertextual reproduction process of popular culture, K-pop is able to have voice on social issues, beyond its popularity as a cultural phenomena.
Sources:
안희제, “영원한 수수께끼라는 공론장의 가능성: 케이팝 세계관 콘텐츠를 중심으로”, <동시대분석>
이동배, “글로벌시대 문화콘텐츠의 스토리텔링 연구: 케이팝 BTS 사례를 중심으로”, 문화콘텐츠연구 제 17호, http://doi.org/10.34227/tjocc.2019..17.69