Bukele's security model in El Salvador is often praised for lowering visible crime and creating a sense of order. Government media and supporters present it as a universal success, suggesting that all Salvadorians benefit equally from these policies. Supporters often highlight cleaner neighborhoods, military patrols, and new infrastructure as signs that the entire country is safer. These images circulate on social media and reinforce the belief that the crackdown only affects criminals. However, there's a reality where some people live with constant fear of being targeted, especially young men from low-income communities.
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Middle and upper-class Salvadorans in safer areas see better infrastructure and lower visible crime.
Lower-income communities often face military presence, frequent raids, and a higher risk of wrongful detention.
Aerial view showing the contrast between a residential zone and the populous community of Nuevo Israel in San Salvador. (Photo: EFE / El Economista)
Surf City: Upscale tourism framed as evidence of national improvement, where luxury tourism and new investment are held up as signs that the country is "safer."
Low-income communities: Don't receive the same same development as tourist zones. Many still face overcrowding and aging infrastructure.
Reports show young men with tattoos, darker skin, or from specific neighborhoods are targets as suspected gang members.
Example: Juan Carlos Cornejo
Arrested in early 2024 after an anonymous call accused him of "illicit association."
He says he was targeted just because of how he looked—long hair, tattoos, and a rock-music style
There was no investigation before he was detained
He spent five months in prison. even though he had no criminal record and worked as a veterinary assistant
His story shows how appearance alone can put people at risk, especially young men in low-income communities.
Civilians are searched by soldiers in El Salvador under the state of emergency that has been in effect for 12 months. (Photo: Camilo Freedman/APHOTOGRAFIA/Getty Images — published in Americas Quarterly)
Juan Carlos Cornejo (Photo: Evelio Contreras via CNN)
While Bukele's security policies are often framed as making the country safer for everyone by incarcerating "criminals," the reality for families, particularly women, is far more complex. Households bear financial and logistical burdens.
Families' experience:
Financial strain from care packages: families must provide clothing, hygiene items, and cleaning supplies for prison cells, often starting at $50 per month, with an additional $30 every three months for items like uniforms and bedding.
Legal expenses and transportation costs during attempts to find detained relatives
Emotional and psychological stress caused by uncertainty and restricted communication with those detained
These responsibilities disproportionately fall on women, who often must step up as providers and advocates while managing their own households under economic strain.
Example of basic supplies provided by families to detainees at Apanteos Women’s Prison, October 2024. (Photo: Yanci López)
Sources:
Grazzia Grimaldi & Yanci López (2025) “Prison Bars Will Not Silence the Truth”, NACLA Report on the Americas, 57:2, 150-156, DOI: 10.1080/10714839.2025.2507996
https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/pdfs/2024/report_stateemergencyhumanrights_elsalvador%20(1).pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81mCW74dmko
https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2022/12/elsalvador1222sp_web.pdf