Expectation Cluster:

F1 Money and Finances: demonstrate the knowledge and skills needed to make informed financial decisions

F1.1 identify various methods of payment that can be used to purchase goods and services

F1.2 estimate and calculate the cost of transactions involving multiple items priced in whole-dollar amounts, not including sales tax, and the amount of change needed when payment is made in cash, using mental math

F1.3 explain the concepts of spending, saving, earning, investing, and donating, and identify key factors to consider when making basic decisions related to each

F1.4 explain the relationship between spending and saving, and describe how spending and saving behaviours may differ from one person to another

F1.5 describe some ways of determining whether something is reasonably priced and therefore a good purchase

C4 apply the process of mathematical modelling to represent, analyse, make predictions, and provide insight into real-life situations

• Mathematical Modelling is a key process expectation that connects across multiple strands. Opportunities to engage students in modelling may arise naturally within rich, real-world contexts — for example, in financial literacy (e.g., creating a budget), measurement (e.g., designing a garden space), or data (e.g., interpreting results from a student survey).

• We recommend using open-ended tasks where students define problems, make decisions, and justify their thinking — even in informal ways — as early steps toward developing modelling skills.

• See our Mathematical Modelling page for more information.

Process Expectation Focus: Reasoning and Proving, Communicating