8th Grade

Learn how hunter-gatherers adapted to their physical environments using resources, the natural world and different technological advancements. Study how the agricultural revolution led to an increase in population, specialization of labor, new forms of social organization and the beginning of societies. See how archaeology provides historical and scientific explanations for how ancient people lived.

Study how early river valley civilizations between 6000 and 3000 years ago (such as the ones in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus River Valley and the Yellow River Valley) developed due to favorable geographic conditions. Evaluate the centralized systems of government and advanced societies they created.

Classical civilizations such as Greece, Rome, India and China developed and expanded into empires of unprecedented size and diversity by creating centralized governments and promoting commerce, a common culture and social values. During this time cultural exchange and diffusion dramatically increased and enduring world religions emerged. These classical civilizations declined as a result of internal weaknesses and external invasions, but they left lasting legacies for future civilizations.

The emergence of empires in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas resulted from the promotion of interregional trade, cultural exchanges, new technologies, urbanization and centralized political organization. The rise and spread of new belief systems unified societies, but they also became a major source of tension and conflict. While commercial and agricultural improvements created new wealth and opportunities for the empires, most people’s daily lives remained unchanged.