RAMS - Multi-day Bushwalking

Potential Risks (the things that could go wrong)

  1. Head/neck/spinal injury
  2. Break/sprain
  3. Death
  4. Medical emergency
  5. Loss of self-esteem/confidence
  6. Lost students
  7. Hypothermia
  8. Giardia poisoning (diarrhoea)

Causal Factors

Management Strategies

Hazards caused by people

Risks not known

Instructions not followed

Personal medical conditions/special needs

Students too far out of their comfort zone

Lack of skill - instructors/teachers

Mucking around

Lack of skill (students)

Not eating enough

Fatigue

Falling in rivers/submersion

Not putting sunscreen on

Some people burn easier than others

Unfit (lack of fitness)

Wearing too much clothing

Not staying hydrated

Not alerting others when you’re feeling well/thirsty

Drug and/or alcohol abuse

Can’t read a map

Separated from the group

Lack of communication with the rest of the group

Lack of local knowledge

Camping in unsafe places (eg dead trees above,

widow makers above)

Hunters

Lack of swimming ability

Lack of safe river crossing ability

Lack of warm up exercises

Hazards caused by equipment

Lack of wet weather gear

Lack of correct clothing

No having enough water

No hat

No sunblock

Cotton clothing

Lack of emergency shelter

No fire lighting equipment

Lack of food

Lack of water purifying tablets

No compass

No map

Lack of lighting

Expired medications

Incorrect footwear/lack of ankle support


Hazards caused by the environment

Cold weather, rain, hail, sunny weather

Poor visibility

Navigation in the dark

Tree-fall covering the track

Cliffs

Rivers

Deep water pools

Slips

Slippery ground

Roots

Uneven ground

Flash flooding

Parasite infected water

Hazard management strategies

Brief students on risks

Students to follow all instructions

Medical information obtained and understood by trip leader. Students to have their medications on hand

Encourage challenge by choice

Instructors/teachers to have sufficient knowledge, skills, and experience to lead the trip

Explain behaviour expectations

Teach students vital skills before

Have regular breaks, create an environment where students feel comfortable to voice their concerns

As above

Use caution around rivers and streams. Cross rivers as taught - no rock hopping

Apply sunscreen when needed


Clearly communicate the walk profile to the students, remind students to train and be fit for the walk

Educate students about hyperthermia

Stop for regular drink breaks

Everyone to share if they are not feeling well

No alcohol or illegal drugs permitted on any OED trip

Go through map reading in class prior to trip

Use buddy system, use the group number off system. Let others know if you need to stop or deviate from the path

As above

See local knowledge where possible

Teach students about camp site selection. Check camp sites are safe before setting up.


Don't attempt to make deer noises while tramping

Check that all participants can swim. Gather information about student swimming ability.

Teach river crossing skills at school prior to leaving for the trip

Students to warm up and stretch before strenuous exertion


Hazard management strategies

Issue students with a gear list to ensure that they know what they need to bring




Reiterate the importance of avoiding cotton clothing and to bring clothing made from other materials

Create and share a group gear list with students, pack this gear at school








Check all medications before departing on the trip to ensure that they are all in date

Use care when walking. Lend tramping boots to students where needed and possible



Hazard management strategies

Bring sufficient clothing for all weather extremes

Follow orange markers, use map and compass to check location

Issue all students with headlights. Avoid walking during the night where possible

The group stays where the tree blocks the track, one pair goes to find the track, then calls group over

Avoid getting too close to cliff edges if not attached to a safety line

Treat rivers with respect. Students to use their training to cross rivers safely

Avoid if possible, pack float across if safe and necessary

Navigate slips with caution. If unsafe, find another way around

Wear footwear with ankle support and good grip. Walk to caution. Be aware of your surroundings



Stay up to date with weather forecasts, keep an eye on water levels

Boil or treat stream water to kill giardia parasites


Emergency Protocols (if management strategies fail and an incident happens)

Risk

1. Neck/spinal injury

2. Break/sprain

3. Death

4.. Medical emergency


5. Loss of confidence

6. Lost students


7. Hypothermia

8. Giardia poisoning

Procedures to deal with emergency

Stabilise patient, call for an ambulance, apply first aid

Stabilise effected area, call for an ambulance, apply first aid

Cover body, remove students from area, contact school and emergency services

Give medication, call for an ambulance

Coach and support student, remind them about "challenge by choice" to empower them

Student to stay where they are and call for help, activity lead to assess situation and take actions to

find the student; whistle blasts, call out, send for help, notify police/search and rescue

Remove student from cold environment (bothy bag), feed them, stabilise them, evacuate if needed

Hydrate the patient, give Imodium to combat dehydration, evacuate if needed

Emergency gear required

Cell phone

First aid kit, cell phone

Nil

Personal medications, antihistamines,

adrenaline

Nil

Cell phone, whistle


Tarpaulin

Imodium