VSPAero, a free-to-use aero code, is used to obtain low-fidelity simulation solutions using the vortex lattice method (VLM) and panel method. These methods produce acceptable solutions with minimal demand on computational power, making them ideal for quickly evaluating and tweaking designs in the preliminary phase. Modifications can be made simultaneously, streamlining the design process. Once VSPAero indicates that the design satisfies the user's requirements, a more accurate simulation will be utilized for analysis.

The geometry was imported into Pointwise as a database model, and grids were meticulously created on the wetted surface of the model. To reduce the number of required cells and dissipate noise, two far-field blocks were generated, with the inner block containing the majority of the grids and the outer sphere containing much less. Once the retro mesh is canalized, the grid will be adapted based on the velocity gradient curve. This approach ensures an efficient and effective grid setup for the simulation.

To validate the design based on the numerical solutions obtained through the 3-D panel method, a simulation of the cruise case was conducted in Ansys Fluent. The Transitional SST turbulence model was utilized to capture the flow in the boundary layer. The mesh contained approximately 2 million cells and was adapted twice based on pressure curvature criteria. Prior to the transient (real-time step) solution, a steady-state result was obtained to ensure accuracy and reliability in the simulation. 

Lightweight PLA(Polylactic acid) filament expands based on nozzle temperature and is utilized to print the monocoque skin and certain structures due to its low density. When combined with regular PLA, UV resin, and PA-CF (carbon fiber-infused polyamide ), a higher strength-to-weight ratio can be achieved, making it an ideal choice for certain applications.