Overview
Module 2 will focus on identifying the stages of language acquisition in children and analyzing several theories of language and cognitive development. Understanding how language is acquired in children aids in the understanding of adult language use as well as language diversity in society. The discussion of cognitive development gives insight on how these stages occur.
Course Objectives Addressed
Identify and analyze the stages and theories of language development and cognitive development
Module 2 Learning Outcomes
Outline stages of language acquisition
Compare and contrast theories of language and cognitive development
Readings
Language, Culture, and Communication:
The Meaning of Messages
By Nancy Bonvillain
Chapter 7 - Learning Language
Language Acquisition ~ Language Development ~ Language Learning
These terms are often used interchangeably and can either refer to a baby or child learning their first or native language or older children and/or adults learning a second language. For the purposes of this module, these terms will refer to the learning of a native or first language by a baby or child.
(Joyful Noise, 2021)
Stages of Language Development
All children acquire language on their own timeline. Research has proven that many factors play into the acquisition of a child's first language which causes variation in skills in the early months and years of life. However, in order to better understand and study language acquisition, norms have been developed which provide a guideline for which to assess if a child's language is developing appropriately. Language milestones or stages of English are generally agreed upon in research, however, minor variations can be found depending on the research used. Children's language skills can be compared to their age-matched peers using these stages of development.
Some language skills acquired in sequential order; meaning earlier developing skills are prerequisites for later stages. However, other milestones may be reached in a slightly different order based on a particular child's circumstances. When a child is observed to be lacking certain skills that most of their age-matched peers have already acquired, a referral to a Speech-Language Pathologist is often warranted to determine if intervention is needed.
Two charts have been provided which provide an overview of the language acquisition stages of children learning English as their native language.
(Luong, n.d.)
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) also have free resources on developmental milestones. The CDC website also includes videos of children exhibiting specific skills.
Click here to visit the CDC website
Click here to visit the NIDCD website
Additional information regarding communication milestones can be found on the following website:
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
Theories of Language Acquisition and Cognitive Development
Research in the field of developmental psychology has yielded many theories regarding the development of cognition and language. This module will focus on two theories of language acquisition and three theories of cognitive development that have been influential in the study of language development.
Theories of Language Acquisition
Dec. 7, 1928 - Present
March 20, 1904 - Aug. 18, 1990
Nature vs. Nurture Debate
Theories of Cognitive Development
August 9, 1896 - September 16, 1980
October 1, 1915 - June 5, 2016
November 17, 1896 - June 11, 1934
(Cherry)
(Cognitivism)
(Vygotsky's Sociocultural)
Introduction
Cognitive development and language acquisition are closely linked. Several theories of language and cognitive development were presented in this module, analyze, compare and contrast these theories in relation to your experience with language acquisition.
Instructions for Initial Post
Thinking about your own language acquisition and that of others that you have been able to observe (siblings, extended family members, children), which theory do you feel most accurately describes language acquisition in children? Why?
Posts must answer the questions above, displaying comprehension of the information presented in this module and the assigned readings.
Instructions for Responses
A minimum of two responses to classmates' postings is required. Each response should reflect on others' observations and considerations of the theories of language and cognitive development in an appropriate, respectful, and professional manner.
Introduction
Knowledge of typical language development in children is important for educators. Regardless of the ages of your students, an understanding of how they have arrived at their current language skills and what to expect next helps to guide curriculum development and provides a basis for the creation of a classroom environment.
Completion Instructions
Observe and/or converse with a child between the ages of 3 months and 5 years old for at least 30 minutes. (You are welcome to participate with your own children, a family member, community member, etc.) Document their interactions and language abilities.
Categorize the child's language behaviors based on the typical language developmental milestones presented in this module.
What skills did the child exhibit that were above or below their chronological age?
What factors encouraged or discouraged their communication within that time (distractions, desire to play, necessity of help, etc.)?
Based on this interaction, relate the child's cognitive and language skills to at least one the theories presented.
How did this experience help you to gain a better understanding of language development in children?
This assignment will be graded based on your ability to assess the language development of a child and appropriately categorize their skills. Your papers should demonstrate an ability to present your personal considerations and observations professionally.
Submission Instructions
Assignments should be submitted through Canvas. Your paper should be a minimum of 2 typed pages (12 font, times roman, double-spaced) and should not exceed 4 typed pages, excluding the references list.
Required Tasks
Read through the content of this module
Watch the videos embedded in this module
Complete the required readings
Participate in the discussion of the topics in this module in Canvas
Complete and turn in the assignment for this module in Canvas
References
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (n.d.). Communication milestones: age ranges. https://www.asha.org/public/developmental-
milestones/communication-milestones/
B.F. Skinner. (2023, Feb. 27). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner
Cherry, K. (2022, December 16). Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development Explained. Verywell Mind. www.verywellmind.com/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development-2795457
Cherry, K. (2023, February 22). Lev Vygotsky’s Life and Theories. Verywell Mind. www.verywellmind.com/lev-vygotsky-biography-2795533
CrashCourse. (2014, May 26). Language: Crash Course Psychology #16 [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9shPouRWCs&t=21s
Hayes, D. [English]. (2021, Feb. 8). Chomsky vs. Skinner in 10 Mins. [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpS8V-KBT2M
Jean Piaget. (2023, Mar. 15). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Piaget
Jerome Bruner. (2023, Feb. 20). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Bruner
Joyful Noise Speech Therapy. (2021, July 22). Speech and Language Developmental Milestones [Image]. Facebook.
www.facebook.com/JoyfulNoiseSpeechTherapy/photos/a.131855615703447/155089423380066/?type=3
Lev Vygotsky. (2023, Mar. 11). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky
Luong, D. Q. (n.d.) Stages of Speech-Language Development. Teachers Pay Teachers. www.teacherspayteachers.com/FreeDownload/Stages-of-
Speech-Language-Development-3675884
McLaughlin, S. R. (2010). Verbal behavior by B.F. Skinner: Contributions to analyzing early language learning. The Journal of Speech and Language Pathology, Applied Behavior Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100272
Mcleod, S., PhD. (2023, March 17). Jerome Bruner's Constructivist Theory of Learning and Cognitive Development. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/bruner.html
Mcleod, S., PhD. (2023, March 8). Jean Piaget's Theory and Stages of Cognitive Development. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html
Mcleod, S., PhD. (2023, March 8). Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/vygotsky.html
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. (2010). NIDCD Fact Sheet Voice, Speech, and Language Speech and Language Developmental
Milestones (NIH Publication No. 00-4781). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health.
Noam Chomsky. (2023, Mar. 19). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky
Sprouts. (2018, Aug. 1). Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhcgYgx7aAA
Sprouts. (2020, Feb. 20). Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development in Social Relationships [Video]. YouTube.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=8I2hrSRbmHE&t=11s
Sprouts. (2020, Jan. 31). Bruner's 3 Steps of Learning in a Spiral Curriculum [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZfAsbhfL_Y
Testbook. (n.d.). Cogntivism - Detailed Solution [Image]. testbook. www.testbook.com/question-answer/which-of-the-following-stages-is-
not-the-part-of-b--5f4648226593582583e6e374
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Of Development - Your Child’s Development. (n.d.).
www.sites.google.com/site/yourchildsdevelopment/vygotsky-s-sociocultural-theory-of-development