Literatures on TUNIC

Incomplete literature list on TUNIC

I will not update this list any more, since databases on the web have taken place the role of the list. However, I think this list would still useful for researchers who are interested in TUNIC, because some literature would not be found in the databases. (2010.12.18)

General

• Berril, N. J.(1950) In "The Tunicata. Ray Society". London, pp. 7-8.

• Burighel, P. & Cloney, R. A. (1997) Urochordata: Ascidiacea. In "Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates" Wiley-Liss. Vol. 15.

• Monniot, C., Monniot, F., & Laboute, P. (1991). In "Coral reef ascidians of NEW Caledonia". ORSTOM, Paris, pp. 69-78.

• Welsh, U. (1984) Urochordata. In "Biology of the integument Vol. I: Invertebrates" Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 800-816.

Chemical Composition

• De Leo, G., Patricolo, E., & D'Ancona Lunetta, G. (1977). Studies on the fibrous component of the test of Ciona intestinalis Linnaeus I. Cellulose-like polysaccharide. Acta Zool., 58, 135-141.
  Kim, DY., Nishiyama, Y., Wada, M., Kuga, S . (2001). Graphitization of highly crystalline cellulose . Carbon, 39:1051-1056.

• Koo, Y-S., Wang, Y-S., You, S-H., Kim, H-D. (2002) Preparation and properties of chemical cellulose from ascidian tunic and their refenerated cellulose fibers. J. Applied Polymer Science, 85: 1634-1643

• Kimura, S., C. Ohshima, E. Hirose, J. Nishikawa, T. Itoh. (2001). Cellulose in the house of the Appendicularian, Oikopleura rufescens. Protoplasma, 216, 71-74.

• Hall, D., & Saxl, H. (1961). Studies of human and tunicate cellulose and their relation to reticulin. Proc.Roy.Soc.B, 155, 202-217.

• Michell, A. J. (1993). Second-derivative FTIR spectra of native celluloses from Valonia and tunicin. Carbohydrate Research, 241, 45-57.

• Mourao, P. A. S. (1991). Epimerization of D-glucose to L-galactose during the biosynthesis of a sulfated L-galactan in the ascidian tunic. Biochemstry, 30, 3458-3464.

• Mourao, P. A. S. & Assreuy, A-M.S. (1995) Trehalose as a possible precursor of the sulfated L-galactan in the ascidian tunic. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 3132-3140.

• Pavao, M. S. G., Lambert, C. C., Lambert, G., & Mourao, P. A. S. (1994a). Comparizon between the sulfated polysaccharides from larval and adult ascidians. J. Experimental Zoology, 269, 89-94.

• Pavao, M. S. G., Rodrigues, M. A., & Mourao, P. A. S. (1994b). Acidic polysaccharides of the ascidian Styela plicata. Biosynthetic studies on the sulfated L-galactans of the tunic, and preliminary characterization of a dermatan sulfate-like polymer in body tissues. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1199, 229-237.

• Smith, M., & Dehnel, P. (1970). The chemical and enyzymatic analyses of the tunic of the ascidian Halocynthia aurantium (Pallas). Comp. Biochem. and Physiol. 35:17-30.

• Smith, M., & Dehnel, P. (1971). The composition of tunic from four species of asidians. Comp.Biochem.Physiol., 40B, 615-622.

• Spada F; Steen H; Troedsson C; Kallesoe T; Spriet E; Mann M; Thompson EM (2001) Molecular patterning of the oikoplastic epithelium of the larvacean tunicate Oikopleura dioica. J. Biol. Chem. 276(23), 20624-20632.

Morphology

• D'Ancona, L., G. (1983). Comparative study of the tunics of two ascidians: Molgula impura and Styela partita. Acta Embryol. Morphol. Exp., 4, 137-149.

• Daele, Y. V., Revol, J.-F., Gaill, F., & Goffinet, G. (1992). Characterization and supramolecular architecture of the cellulose-protein fibrils in the tunic of the sea peach (Halocynthia papillosa, Ascidiacea, Urochordata). Biol. Cell, 76, 97-96.

• Das, S. M. (1936). On the structure and function of the ascidian test. J. Morphol., 59, 589-601.

• Endean, R. (1961). The test of the ascidian, Phallusia mammillata. Quart.J.Microsc.Sci., 102, 107-117.

• Hirose, Eu., Hashimoto, K., Saito, Y. & Watanabe, H. (1990) Minute protrusions of the cuticle: Fine surface structure of the tunic in ascidians. J. .Morphol., 204, 67-73.

• Hirose, Eu., Nishikawa, T., Saito, Y. & Watanabe, H. (1992) Minute protrusions of ascidian tunic cuticle : Some implications for ascidian phylogeny. Zool. Sci., 9, 397-404.

• Hirose, Eu., Lambert, G., Kusakabe, T., & Nishikawa, T. (1997) Tunic cuticular protrusions in ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata): A perspective of their character-state distribution. Zool. Sci. 14: 683-689.

• Hirose E, Ohtake S-I & Azumi K. 2009. Morphological characterization of the tunic in the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi (Drasche), with remarks on "soft tunic syndrome" in aquaculture. Journal of Fish Disease 32:433-445.

• Kimura, S.,Itoh, T. (1998) A new cellulosic structure, the tunic cord in the ascidian Polyandrocarpa misakiensis . Protoplasma 204: 94-102.

• Koo, Y-S.; Wang, Y-S.; You, S-H.; Kim, H-D (2002) Preparation and properties of chemical cellulose from ascidian tunic and their refenerated cellulose fibers. J. Applied Polymer Science 85: 1634-1643

• Okuyama, M., Y. Saito, M. Ogawa, A. Takeuchi, Z. Jing, T. Naganuma, and E. Hirose: Morphological studies on the bathyal ascidian, Megalodicopia hians Oka 1918 (Octacnemidae, Phlebobranchia), with remarks on feeding and tunic morphology. Zoological Science, 19: 1181-1189, 2002.

• Mishra, A., & Colvin, J. (1969). The microscopic and submicroscopic structure of the tunic of two ascidians, Boltenia and Molgula. Canad. J. Zool., 47, 659-668.

• Turon, X. (1987). Morphological study on the siphonal spines of the genus Microcosmus from the Spanish Mediteranean shores. Anales de Biologia, 11, 37-42.

• Van Daele, Y., Gaill, F., & Goffinet, G. (1991). Paraboic pattern of a peculiar striated body in the tunic of the ascidian Halocynthia papillosa. J.Structural Biol., 106, 115-124.

Tunic Formation, Cellulose synthesis

/Adult

• Deck, J., Hay, E., & Revel, J.-P. (1966). Fine structure and origin of the tunic of Perophora viridis. J.Morph., 120, 267-280.

• Endean, R. (1953). Discovery of iron in tunicin-forming blood cells of an ascidian. Nature, 172, 123.

• He, X., Kustin, K., ----, & Nakanishi, K. (1992). In vivo incorporation of 14C-phenylalanine into ascidian tunichrome. Experientia, 48, 367-371.

• Helbert, W., Sugiyama, J., Kimura, S., Itoh, T. (1998). High resolution electron microscopy on ultrathin sections of cellulose microfibrils generated by glomerulocytes in Polyzoa vesiculiphora. Protoplasma 203, 84-90.

• Kalk, M. (1963). Intracellular sites of activity in the histogenesis of tunicate vanadocytes. Quart.J.Microsc.Sci., 104, 483-493.

• Katow, H., & Watanabe, H. (1978). Fine structure and possible role of ampullae on tunic supply and attachment in a compound ascidian, Botryllus primigenus Oka. J.Ultrastr.Res., 64, 23-34.

• Kimura, S. & Itoh, T. (1995) Evidence for the role of the glomerulocyte in cellulose synthesis in the tunicate, Metandrocarpa uedai . Protoplasma, 186, 24-33.

• Kimura, S. & Itoh, T. (1996) New cellulose synthesizing complexes (terminal complexes) involved in animal cellulose biosynthesis in the tunicate Metandrocarpa uedai. Protoplasma, 194, 151-163.

• Kimura, S. & Itoh, T. (1997) Cellulose network of hemocoel in selected compound styelid ascidians J. Elecctr. Microsc., 46, 327-335.

• Kimura, S. & Itoh, T. (1998) A new cellulosic structure, the tunic cord in the ascidian Polyandrocarpa misakiensis . Protoplasma 204, 94-102.

• Kimura, S. & Itoh, T. (2004) Cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes in the ascidians. Cellulose, 11: 377-383.

• Kennedy, G. (1966). The distribution and nature of iodine compound in ascidians. Gen.Comp.Endocrinol., 7, 500-511.

• Matthysse, AG; Deschet, K; Williams, M; Marry, M; White, AR; Smith, WC. (2004) A functional cellulose synthase from ascidian epidermis. PNAS, 101(4), 986-991.

• Millar, RH. (1951) The stolonic vessels of the Didemnidae. Quart. J. Microsc. Sci. 92: 249-254.

• Nakashima, K; Yamada, L; Satou, Y; Azuma, J; Satoh, N. (2004) The evolutionary origin of animal cellulose synthase. DEVELOPMENT GENES AND EVOLUTION., 214(2). 81-88.

• Robinson, W. E., Kustin, K., & McLeod, G. C. (1983). Incorporation of[14C] glucose into the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis (Linnaeus). J. Exp. Zool., 225, 187-195.

• Sagane Y, Zech K, Bouquet JM, Schmid M, Bal U & Thompson EM. 2010. Functional specialization of cellulose synthase genes of prokaryotic origin in chordate larvaceans. Development 137:1483-1492.

• Wardrop, A. (1970). The structure and formation of the test of Pyura stolonifera (Tunicata). Protoplasma, 70, 73-86.

• Wright, R. K. (1981) Urochordate. In "Invertebrate blood cells II". Acad. Press, NY, pp 565-626.

• Zaniolo, G., & Trentin, P. (1987). Regeneration of the tunic in the colonial ascidian, Botryllus schlosseri. Acta Embryol.Morphol., 8, 173-180.

/ Larva

• Bates, W. R. (1994). Ecological consequences of altering the timing mechanism for metamorphosis in anural ascidians. Amer. Zool., 34, 333-342

• Berking, S., & Herrmann, K. (1990). Dicapryloylglycerol and ammonium ions induce metamorphosis of ascidian larvae. Roux'Arch, 198, 430-432.

• Cavalcante, MCM., Mourao, PAS., Pavao, MSG. (1999). Isolation and characterization of a highly sulfated heparan sulfate from ascidian test cell. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1428, 77-87.

• Cloney, R., & Cavey, M. (1982). Ascidian larval tunic: extraembryonic structures influence morphogenesis. Cell Tissue Res., 222, 547-562.

• Gianguzza, M., & Dolcemascolo, G. (1988). Further ultrastructural and cytochemical studies of test formation in the swimming larva of Ciona intestinalis. Acta Embryol. Morphol., 9, 75-84.

• Lübering, B., Nishikata, T., & Goffinet, G. (1992a). Intial stages of tunic morphogenesis in the ascidian Halocynthia: a fine structural study. Tissue and Cell, 24, 121-130.

• L übering, G., Niermann-Kerkenberg, E., & Hofmann, D. (1992b). Test cells of Ascidiella aspersa : Adhesion and migration behavior during embryogenesis. Inverteb. Reproduc. Dev., 21, 241-252.

• L übering-Sommer, B., Com俊e, P., & Goffinet, G. (1996a). Cytochemical investigations on tunic morphogenesis in the sea peach Halocynthia papillosa (Tunicata ascidiacea). 1: Demostration of polysaccharides. Tissue and Cell, 28, 621-630

• L übering-Sommer, B., Com俊e, P., & Goffinet, G. (1996a). Cytochemical investigations on tunic morphogenesis in the sea peach Halocynthia papillosa (Tunicata ascidiacea). 2: Demostration of proteins. Tissue and Cell, 28, 651-661.

• Okada, T. et al. (1996). Secretory function of the test cell in larval tunic formation in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis: An immunoelectron microscopic study. Zool. Sci.,13, 253-262.

• Robinson, W., ----., & Cloney, R. (1981). The influence of tunichrome and other reducing compounds on tunic and fin formation in embryonic Ascidia callosa Stimpson. J.Exp.Zool., 237, 63-72.

• Sato, Y., Terakado, K., Morisawa, M. (1997). Test cell migration and tunic formation during post-hatching development of the larva of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis . Develop. Growth Differ. 39, 117-126

• Takamura, K. et al. (1996) Immunohistology with antibodies specific to test cells in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis suggests their role in larval tunic formation. Zool. Sci., 13, 241-252

• Terakado, K. (1970). Tunic formation in the larva of an ascidian, Perophora orientalis. Sci.Rep.Saitama Univ.B, 5, 183-.

• Ueki, T., & Satoh, N. (1994). An ascidian homolog of SEC61 is expressed predominantly in epidermal cells of the embryo. Dev. Biol., 165, 185-192.

Tunic Cells and Their Functions

• Aoki, M., Hashimoto, K., & Watanabe, H. (1989). The intrinsic origin of bioluminescence in the ascidian, Claverina miniata. Biol. Bull., 176, 57-62.

• Chiba, K., Hoshi, M., Isobe, M. & Hirose, Eu. (1998) Bioluminescence in the tunic of the colonial ascidian, Clavelina miniata: Identification of luminous cell in vitro. J. Exp. Zoo. 281: 546-553.

• De Leo, G., Patricolo, E., & Frittita, G. (1981). Fine structure of the tunic of Ciona intestinalis L. II. Tunic morphology, cell distrubution and their functional importance. Acta Zool., 62, 259-271.

• Di Bella, M. A., Cassara, G., Russo, D., De Leo, G. (1998) Cellular components and tunic architecture of the solitary ascidian Styela canopus (Stolidobranchiata, Styelidae). Tissue & Cell, 30: 352-359.

• Di Bella MA, Carbone MC, De Leo G. (2005) Aspects of cell production in mantle tissue of Ciona intestinalis L. (Tunicata, Ascidiacea). Micron 36: 477-481

• Hirano, T., Nishida, H. (1997) Developmental fates of larval tissues after metamorphosis in ascidian Halocynthia roretzi . Dev. Biol. 192: 199-210.

• Hirose, Eu, Saito, Y. &Watanabe, H. (1991). Tunic cell morphology and classification in botryllid ascidians. Zool. Sci., 8, 951-958.

• Hirose, Eu. & Mukai, H. (1992). An ultrastructural study on the origin of glomerulocytes, a type of blood cell in a styelid ascidian, Polyandrocarpa misakiensis. J. Morphol., 211, 269-273.

• Hirose, Eu., Ishii, T., Saito, Y. & Taneda, Y. (1994) Phagocytic activity of tunic cells in the colonial ascidian Aplidium yamazii (Polyclinidae, Aplousobranchia). Zool. Sci. 11, 203-208.

• Hirose, Eu., Ishii, T., Saito, Y. & Taneda, Y. (1994) Seven types of tunic cells in the colonial ascidian Aplidium yamazii (Polyclinidae, Aplousobranchia): Morphology, classification, and possible functions. Zool. Sci., 11, 737-743.

• Hirose, Eu., Aoki, M. & Chiba, K. (1996) Fine structures of tunic cells and distribution of bacteria in the tunic of the luminescent ascidian Clavelina miniata (Ascidiacea, Urochordata). Zool. Sci., 13: 519-523.

• Hirose, Eu. (2001) Acid containers and cellular networks in the ascidian tunic with special remarks on ascidian phylogeny. Zool. Sci., 18: 723-731

• Hirose, Eu., Ohshima, C., Nishikawa, J. (2001) Tunic cells in pyrosomes (Thaliacea, Urochordata): cell morphology, distribution and motility. Invertebrate Biology 120, 386-393

• Ishii, T., and E. Hirose. (2003) Fate of tunic phagocytes in the colonial ascidian Aplidium yamazii. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education and Human Studies, Akita University (Natural Science), 58: 37-41.

• Hirose E. 2009. Ascidian tunic cells: morphology and functional diversity of free cells outside the epidermis. Invertebrate Biology 128:83-96.

• Izzard, C. (1974). Contractile filopodia and in vivo cell movement in the tunic of the ascidian, Botryllus schlossseri. J.Cell Sci., 15,
  513-535.

• Mackie, G., & Singla, C. (1987). Impulse propagation and contraction in the tunic of a compound ascidian. Biol. Bull., 173, 188-204.

• Mancuso, V. (1983). Cell types in the tunic of metamorphosing Ciona embryo: large single vacuole cells. Acta Embryol.Morphol., 4, 119-126.

• Mancuso, V. (1986). Type B cells in metamorphosing Ciona intestinalis embryos. Acta Embryol.Morphol., 7, 27-33.

• Mukai, H. (1994). The occurrence of glomerulocytes in the compound ascidians Metandrocarpa and Polyzoa. Sci. Rep. Fac. Educ. Gunma Univ., 42, 89-96.

• Okuyama M, Saito Y, Ogawa M, Takeuchi A, Jing Z, Naganuma T, Hirose Eu (2002) Morphological studies on the bathyal ascidian, Megalodicopia hians Oka 1918 (Octacnemidae, Phlebobranchia), with remarks on feeding and tunic morphology.Zoological Science, 19: 1181-1189.

• Rottmayr, E-B., Steffanm B., Wanner, G. (2001) Pigmentation and tunic cells in Cystodytes dellechiajei (Urochordata, Ascidiacea). Zoomorphology , 120: 159-170

• Seleghim MHR, de Lira SP, Campana PT, Berlinck RGS, Custódio MR (2007) Localization of granulatimide alkaloids in the tissues of the ascidian Didemnum granulatum. Marine Biology 150: 967-975

• Smith, M. (1970a). The blood cells and tunic of the ascidian Halocynthia aurantium (Pallas) 1. Haematology, tunic morphology and partition of cells between blood and tunic. Biol. Bull., 138, 354-378

• Smith, M. (1970b). The blood cells and tunic of the ascidian Halocynthia aurantium (Pallas) 2. Histochemistry of the blood cells and tunic. Biol. Bull., 138, 379-388

• Scott, S. F. M. (1956). The developmental history of Amaroucium constellatum . III. metamorphosis. Biol. Bull., 103, 226-241

• Zaniolo, G. (1981). Histology of the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri tunic: in particular, the test cells. Boll.Zool., 48, 169-178.

/Tunic Vesicle

• Grave, C. (1920). The origin , function and fate of the test-vesicles of Amaroucium constellatum. Anat. Rec., 17, 350.

• Grave, C. (1921). Amaroucium constellatum (Verrill) II. the structure and organization of the tadpole larva. J. Morphol., 36(1), 71-101.

• Oka, H. (1943). Metamorphosis of Polycitor mutabilis (Ascidiae compositae). Annot. Zool. Jpn., 22, 54-58.

• Oka, H. & Usui, M. (1944). On the growth and propagation of the colonies in Polycitor mutabilis (Ascidiae compositae). Sci. Rep. Tokyo Bunrika Daigaku, 103B, 23-53.

Spicules

• Aizenberg, J., Lambert, G., Weiner, S., and Addadi, L. (2002) Factors involved in the formation of amorphous and crystalline calcium carbonate: A study of an ascidian skeleton. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 124, 32-39.

• Hirose M, Tochikubo T & Hirose E. 2010. Taxonomic significance of tunic spicules in photosymbiotic ascidians: a quantitative and molecular evaluation. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90:1065-1071.

• Lambert, G. (1979). Early post-metamorphic growth, budding and spicule formation in the compound ascidian Cystodytes lobatus. Biol. Bull., 157, 464-477.

• Lambert, G., & Lambert, C. C. (1987). Spicule formation in the solitary ascidian, Herdmania momus. J. Morph., 192, 145-159.

• Lambert, G., & Lambert, C. C. (1997). Extracellular formation of body and tunic spicules in the New Zealand solitary ascidian Pyura pachydermatina (Urochordata, Ascidiacea). Acta Zoologica, 78, 51-60.

• Lowenstam, H., & Abobott, D. (1975). Vaterite: A mineralization product of the hard tissues of Marine organism (Ascidiacea). Science, 188, 363-365.

• Turon, X. (1986). On the morphology of the spicules of the dideminid (Ascidiacea) species from the of Catalonia and Balearic Island. Microsc. Zool., 10, 213-222.

Reproduction

• Burighel, P., Martinucci, G. B., & Zaniolo, G. (1986). Ovulation in the ovoviviparpus ascidian, Diplosoma listerianum. Acta Embryol. Morphol. Exper., 7, 102-103.

• Burighel, P., Martinucci, G., & Zaniolo, G. (1987). Tissue repair during egg segregation in tunic of the compound ascidian Diplosoma listerianum . Acta Embryol. Morphol. Exper., 8(2-3), 333-340.

• Nakauchi, M. (1970). A sexual reproduction in Amaroucium yamazii (a colonial ascidian). Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab., 17(5), 309-328.

• Nakauchi, M., & Kawamura, K. (1974a). Behavior of buds during common cloacal system formation in the ascidian, Aplidium multiplicatum . Rep. Usa Mar. Biol. Stn., 21, 19-27.

• Nakauchi, M., & Kawamura, K. (1974b). Experimental analysis of the behavior of buds in the ascidian, Aplidium multiplicatum. I. Rep. Usa Mar. Biol. Stn., 21, 29-38.

• Nakauchi, M., & Kawamura, K. (1978). Additional experiments on the behavior of buds in the ascidian, Aplidium multiplicatum. Biol. Bull., 154, 453-462.

Defense

• Bryan, PJ; McClintock, JB; Slatery, M; Ristochof, DP. (2003) A comparative study of the non-acidic chemically mediated antifoulant properties of three sympatric species of ascidians associated with seagrass habitats. Biofouling. 19(4), 235-245

• Dionisio-Sese, M. L., Ishikura, M., Maruyama, T., & Miyachi, S. (1997). UV-absorbing substances in the tunic of a colonial ascidian protect its symbiont, Prochloron sp., from damage by UV-B radiation. Mar. Biol., 128, 455-461.

• Di Bella, M. A., De Leo, G. (2000). Hemocyte migration during inflammatory-like reaction of Ciona intestinalis (Tunicata, Ascidiacea). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 76, 105-111.

• Hirabayashi S, Kasai F, Watanabe MM, Hirose E (2006) Contents of ultraviolet-absorbing substances in two color morphs of the photosymbiotic ascidian Didemnum molle. Hydrobiologia, 571 (1): 419-422

• Hirose, Eu, Saito, Y. & Watanabe, H. (1995). Regeneration of the tunic cuticle in the compound ascidian, Botrylloides simodensis . Dev. Comp. Immunol., 19, 143-151.

• Hirose, Eu, Taneda, Y., & Ishii, T. (1997) Two modes of tunic cuticle formation in a colonial ascidian Aplidium yamazii, responding to wounding. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 21: 25-34.

• Hirose, Eu., H. Yamashiro, Y. Mori. (2001) Properties of tunic acid in the ascidian Phallusia nigra (Ascidiidae, Phlebobranchia). Zool. Sci., 18, 309-314.

• Hirose, E., K. Ohtsuka, M. Ishikura, and T. Maruyama. (2004) Ultraviolet absorption in ascidian tunic and ascidian-Prochloron symbiosis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 84: 789-794.

• Hirose E, Hirabayashi S, Hori K, Kasai F, Watanabe MM 2006. UV protection in the photosymbiotic ascidian Didemnum molle inhabiting different depths. Zoological Science, 23:57-63.

• Holmstrom, C., Egan, S., Franks, A., McCloy, S., Kjelleberg, S (2002) Antifouling activities expressed by marine surface associated Pseudoalteromonas species. FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY 41: 47-58.

• Lee AHF, Chan AC, Li T (2002) Acid-accelerated DNA-cleaving activities of antitumor antibiotic varacin. Chem. Commun. 18, 2112-2113.

• Lopez-Legentil S, Dieckmann R, Bontemps-Sublelos N, Turon X, Banaigs B (2005) Qualitative variation of alkaloids in color morphs of Cystodytes (Ascidiacea) . BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY 33 (11): 1107-1119

• Maruyama, T., E. Hirose, and M. Ishikura (2003) Ultraviolet light absorbing tunic cells in didemnid ascidians hosting a symbiotic photo-oxygenic prokaryote, Prochloron. Biological Bulletin, 204: 109–113, 2003.

• Müler, W. E. G., Pancer, Z. & Rinkevich, B. (1994) Molecular cloning and localization of a novel serine protease from the colonial tunicate Botryllus schlosseri. Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 3(2), 70-77.

• Parrinello, N., De Leo, G., & Di, B., MA. (1990). Fine structural observations of the granulocytes involved in the tunic inflammatory-like reaction of Ciona intestinalis (Tunicata). J.Inverteb.Pathol., 56, 181-189.

• Parrinello, N., & Patricolo, E. (1984). Inflamatory-like reaction in the tunic of Ciona intestinalis (Tunicata) 2. capsul component. Biol. Bull., 167, 238-250.

• Parrinello, N., Patricolo, E., & Canicatti, C. (1984). Inflamatory-like reaction in the tunic of Ciona intestinalis (Tunicata) 1. Encapsulation and tissue injury. Biol. Bull., 167, 238-250.

• Parrinello, N., Patricolo, E., & Canicatti, G. (1977). Tunicate immunology. I. Tunic reaction of Ciona intestinalis L. to erythrocyte injection. Boll. Zool., 44, 373-381.

• Parry, D. L. (1984). Chemical properties of the test of ascidians in relation to predation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 17, 279-282.

• Pisut, DP; Pawlik, JR (2000) Anti-predatory chemical defenses of ascidians: secondary metabolites or inorganic acids? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, 270(2): 203-214.

• Stoecker, D. (1978). Resistance of a tunicate to fouling. Biol. Bull., 155, 615-626.

• Stoecker, D. (1980a). Chemical defences of ascidians against predators. Ecology, 61, 1327-1334.

• Stoecker, D. (1980b). Distribution of ascid and vanadium in Rhopalaea birkelandi Tokioka. J.exp.mar.Biol.Ecol., 48, 277-281.

• Stoecker, D. (1980c). Relationships between chemical difence and ecology in benthic ascidians. Mar.Ecol.Prog.Ser., 3, 257-265.

• Young, C. M. (1986). Defence and refuges: alternative mechanisms of coexistence between a predatory gastropod and its ascidian prey. Mar. Biol., 91, 513-522.

• Tarjuelo, I., Lopez-Legentil, S., Codina, M., Turon, X. (2002) Defence mechanisms of adults and larvae of colonial ascidians: patters of palatability and toxicity. Mar Ecol Prog Ser., 235: 103-115.

Allorecognition and Rejection in Tunic

• Hirose, Eu., Saito Y., & Watanabe, H. (1988). A new type of the manifestation of colony specificity in the compound ascidian, Botrylloides violaceus Oka. Biol. Bull., 175, 240-245.

• Hirose, Eu., Saito Y., & Watanabe, H. (1990) Allogeneic rejection induced by the cut surface contact in the compound ascidian, Botrylloides simodensis. Inverteb. Develop. Reproduc., 17, 159-164.

• Hirose, Eu, Saito, Y. &Watanabe, H. (1994). A "surgical fusion" between incompatible colonies of the ascidian, Botrylloides fuscus . Dev. Comp. Immunol., 18, 287-294.

• Hirose, E., Saito, Y. and Watanabe, H. (1997) Subcuticular rejection: an advanced mode of the allogeneic rejection in the compound ascidians Botrylloides simodensis and B. fuscus. Biol. Bull. 192:53-61.

• Hirose E, M Shirae, Y Saito (2002)Colony specificity in the xenogeneic combinations among four Botrylloides species (Urochordata, Ascidiacea). Zoological Science, 19: 747-753.

• Hirose, E. (2003) Colonial allorecognition, hemolytic rejection, and viviparity in botryllid ascidians. Zoological Science, 20: 387-394.

• Ishii T, Hirose E & Taneda Y. 2008. Tunic phagocytes are involved in allorejection reaction in the colonial tunicate Aplidium yamazii (Polyclinidae, Ascidiacea). Biological Bulletin 214:145-152.

• Kingsley, E., Briscoe, D., & Raftos, D. (1989). Correlation of histocompatibility reactions with fusion between conspecifics in the solitary urochordate Styella plicata. Biol. Bull., 176, 282-289.

• Milanesi, C., ----., & Sabbadin, A. (1978). The structure and the fate of the test cuticle during the fusion-nonfusion reaction in colonies of Botryllus schlosseri (Tunicata). Boll.Zool., 45, 83-86.

• Okuyama M, Y Saito, E Hirose (2002) Fusion between incompatible colonies of a viviparous ascidian, Botrylloides lentus . Invertebrate Biology, 121(2): 163-169.

• Raftos, D., Tait, N., & Briscoe, D. (1987a). Cellular basis of allograft rejection in the solitary urochordate, Styella plicata. Devel.Comp.Immunol., 11, 713-725.

• Raftos, D., Tait, N., & Briscore, D. (1987b). Allograft rejection and alloimmune memory in the solitaryurochordate, Styella plicata . Devel.Comp.Immunol., 11, 343-351.

• Raftos, D., Briscoe, D., & Tait, N. (1988). The mode of recognition of allogeneic tissue in the solitary urochordate Styella plicata. Transplantation, 45, 1123-1126.

• Raftos, D., & Briscoe, D. (1990). Genetic basis of histocompatibility in the solitary urochordate Styella plicata. J.Heredity, 81, 96-100.

• Raftos, D. (1991). Cellular restriction of histocompatibility responses in the solitary urochordate, Styella plicata. Devel.Comp. Immunol., 15, 93-98.

• Shirae M, L Ballarin, A Frizzo, Y Saito, E Hirose: Involvement of quinones and phenoloxidase in the allorejection reaction in a colonial ascidian, Botrylloides simodensis: Histochemical and immunohistochemical study. Marine Biology,141(4): 659-665.

Algal symbiosis

• De Leo, G., & Patricolo, E. (1980). Blue-green algalike cells associated with the tunic of Ciona intestinalis L. Cell Tissue Res., 212, 91-98.

• Hirose, Eu., Maruyama, T, Cheng, L., & Lewin, R. A. (1996) Intracellular symbiosis of a photosynthetic prokaryote, Prochloron sp., in a colonial ascidian. Invertebr.Biol., 115: 343-348.

• Hirose, Eu., Maruyama, T, Cheng, L., & Lewin, R. A. (1998) Intra- and extra-cellular distribution of photosynthetic prokaryotes, Prochloron sp., in a colonial ascidian: ultrastractural and quantitative studies. Symbiosis, 25: 301-310.

• Hirose, E.(2000) Plant rake and algal pouch of the larvae in the tropical ascidian Diplosoma similis: an adaptation for vertical transmission of photosynthetic symbionts Prochloron. Zoological Science, 17:233-240

• Hirose, E., A. T. Oka, M. Akahori (2005) Sexual reproduction of the photosymbiotic ascidian Diplosoma virens in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: vertical transmission, seasonal change, and possible impact of parasitic copepods. Marine Biology, 146: 677-682

• Hirose, E. and T. Maruyama. (2004) What are the benefits in the ascidian-Prochloron symbiosis? Endocytobiosis and Cell Research, 15: 51-62, 2004

• Hirose E, Adachi R, Kuze K 2006. Sexual reproduction of the Prochloron-bearing ascidians, Trididemnum cyclops and Lissoclinum bistratum, in subtropical waters: seasonality and vertical transmission of photosymbionts. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 86: 175-179

• Hirose E, Hirose M, Neilan BA (2006) Localization of symbiotic cyanobacteria in the colonial ascidian Trididemnum miniatum (Didemnidae, Ascidiacea). Zoological Science, 23:435-442, 2006

• Hirose E, Fukuda T (2006) Vertical transmission of photosymbionts in the colonial ascidian Didemnum molle: the larval tunic prevents symbionts from attaching to the anterior part of larvae. Zoological Science, 23: 669-674.

• Hirose E, Hirose M (2007) Morphological process of vertical transmission of photosymbionts in the colonial ascidian Trididemnum miniatum Kott, 1977. Marine Biology, 150(3): 359-367

• Hirose E & Nakabayashi S. 2008. Algal symbionts in the tunic lamellae on the posterior half of thelarval trunk of the colonial ascidian Lissoclinum timorense (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae). Zoological Science 25:1205-1211.

• Hirose E, Uchida H & Murakami A. 2009. Ultrastructural and microspectrophotometric characterisation of multiple species of cyanobacterial photosymbionts coexisting in the colonial ascidian Trididemnum clinides (Tunicata, Ascidiacea, Didemnidae). European Journal of Phycology 44:365-375.

• Lewin, R. (1976). Prochlorophyta as a proposed new dividion of algae. Nature, 261, 697-698.

• Lambert, G., Lambert, R., & Waaland, J. R. (1996) Algal symbionts in the tunic of six New Zwaland ascidians (Chordata, Ascidiacea). Invertebr. Biol., 115, 67-78

• Yokobori S, Kurabayashi A, Neilan BA, Maruyama T, Hirose E (2006) Multiple origins of the ascidian-Prochloron symbiosis: Molecular phylogeny of photosymbiotic and nonsymbiotic colonial ascidians inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40: 8-19

Bacteria

• Flood, PR. (1991) Yellow-stained oikopleurid appendicularians are caused by bacterial pparasitism. Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 71: 291-295

• Groepler, W & Schuett, C. (2003) Bacterial community in the tunic matrix of a colonial ascidian Diplosoma migrans. HELGOLAND MARINE RESEARCH, 57(2), 139-143.

• Hirose , E., and Y. Saito. (1992) Threadlike bacteria in the tunic of a botryllid ascidian. (Note). The Hiyoshi Review of Natural Science. 12 : 108-110

• Holmstrom, C; Egan, S; Franks, A; McCloy, S; Kjelleberg, S (2002) Antifouling activities expressed by marine surface associated Pseudoalteromonas species. FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY, 41(1): 47-58

• Kim D, Baik KS, Park SC, Kim SJ, Shin TS, Jung SJ, Oh MJ & Seong CN. 2009. Cellulase production from Pseudoalteromonas sp NO3 isolated from the sea squirt Halocynthia rorentzi. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 36:1375-1382.

• Schuett, C., Doepke, H., Groepler, W., Wichels, A. (2005) Diversity of intratunical bacteria in the tunic matrix of the colonialascidian Diplosoma migrans. Helgol. Mar. Res. 59: 136-140.

• Wahl, M (1995) Bacterial epibionts on Bahamian and Pacific ascidians.J. Exper. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 191. 239-255.

Other fields

• Edlund, A. F. & Koehl, M. A. R. (1998) Adhesion and reattachment of compound ascidians to various substrata: weak glue can prevent tissue damage. J. Exp. Biol., 201: 2397-2402.

• Hirose, Eu., (2000). Diet of a notodelphyid copepod inhabiting in an algal-bearing didemnid ascidian Diplosoma virens. Zool. Sci., 17, 833ﾐ838.

• Hirose, E., Aoki, M. N., Nishikawa J. (2005) Still alive? Fine structure of the barrels made by Phronima (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85 (6): 1435-1439.

• Kitamura SI, Ohtake SI, Song JY, Jung SJ, Oh MJ, Choi BD, Azumi K & Hirose E. 2010. Tunic morphology and viral surveillance in diseased Korean ascidians: soft tunic syndrome in the edible ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi (Drasche), in aquaculture. J. Fish Dis. 33:153-160.

• Kumagai A, Suto A, Ito H, Tanabe T, Takahashi K, Kamaishi T & Miwa S. 2010. Mass mortality of cultured ascidians Halocynthia roretzi associated with softening of the tunic and flagellate-like cells. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 90:229-240.

• Kuze K & Hirose E. 2009. Unknown gastropod laid eggs in the ascidian tunic from underside of the colony in Trididemnum cyclops. (Short Report). The Biological Magazine Okinawa 47:25–28.