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practice of orthopedic surgery I. Swarup and J. F. O’Donnell www.amjorthopedics.com November/December 2016 The American Journal of Orthopedics ® E437 foot a mass of lead as a weight, taking care to pass the cord which supports the weight over a small pulley in such a manner that it shall pull on the leg in a horizontal direction.” This description is strikingly similar to the modern-day nonoperative management of femur fractures, and underscores the importance of traction, which as mentioned above, was first described by Hippocrates. Eventually, medicine began to separate from the Church, most likely due to an increase in the complexity of medical theories, the rise of secular universities, and an increase in medical knowledge from Eastern and Middle-Eastern groups.9 The Renaissance and the Foundations of Modern Orthopedics Until the 16th century, the majority of medical theories were heavily influenced by the work of Hippocrates.8 The scientific study of anatomy gained prominence during this time, especially due to the work done by great artists, such as Leonardo Di Vinci.9 The Table provides a list of some of the most prominent figures in the field of orthopedic surgery from across the world, as well as their contributions to the field. Collectively, these scholar and surgeons provided a strong foundation for the field of modern orthopedics.8 Additional discoveries by Joseph Lister, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and Ignaz Semmelweis relating to antisepsis appeared to revolutionize the surgical management of orthopedic injuries.7 After a period of rapid expansion of the field of orthopedics, and following the Renaissance, many hospitals were built focusing on the sick and disabled, which solidified orthopedics’ position as a major medical specialty.1 For example, in 1863, James Knight founded the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled in New York City. This hospital became the oldest orthopedic hospital in the United States, and it later became known as the Hospital for Special Surgery.
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