We are goint to distinguish some concepts which are relevant in the context of Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL). They are often confused or used interchangably. Nonetheless, here are some definitions and examples to clarify your ideas. 

An approach refers to a set of beliefs and theories about language learning that informs how teaching occurs. It encompasses the underlying principles of language acquisition, such as how learners acquire language skills and the role of the teacher in facilitating this process. For instance, communicative language teaching is an approach that emphasizes interaction as a means of language learning, focusing on real-life communication rather than rote memorization. Natural Approach was developed by Stephen Krashen and Terrel and is one of the most renoun approach in teaching English, especially to beginner learners.

Building on an approach, a method is a systematic way of implementing that approach in the classroom. It includes specific procedures and techniques that teachers use to achieve the goals outlined by the approach. For example, the Direct Method is a teaching method that promotes immersion in the target language, avoiding translation and focusing on speaking and listening skills. Methods can vary widely in their application, from teacher-centered to learner-centered practices, and can adapt to different classroom contexts and learner needs.

Within these frameworks, techniques and strategies represent the practical steps taken to facilitate learning.

A technique is a specific activity or exercise used in the classroom to teach a particular aspect of the language, such as role-playing or using flashcards. Example of teaching techniques are drilling or the repetition of structures changing one word: I like sandwiches, I like pears, I like peaches. 

In contrast, a strategy refers to the broader plans that teachers employ to achieve learning objectives, which may include comparing and contrasting, scaffolding, or collaborative learning. Other examples are group work, guided tasks, reading aloud. While techniques are often concrete and task-oriented, strategies encompass a wider range of planning and decision-making processes that guide the overall teaching practice.

The terms activity and task are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings in the TEFL context. An activity is a general term for any classroom exercise that engages students in using the language, such as games, discussions, or writing assignments. A task, however, typically refers to a more specific type of activity that requires students to use language meaningfully to achieve a particular outcome, such as completing a project or solving a problem. 

Additionally, trends in language teaching reflect the evolving nature of educational practices, often influenced by research, technology, and societal changes. By understanding these concepts, teacher students will be better equipped to navigate the complexities of language teaching methodologies.