If we say Every person should have the sense of humanity, the quality of being kind to people and animals by making sure that they do not suffer more than is necessary of ‘humanity’ is applied.

b. Arrange the following words in alphabetical order.

i. advance analysis amuse assure allergy attain aid anxiety acute agreement

acute, advance, agreement, aid, allergy, amuse, analysis, anxiety, assure, attain

ii. smoke small smart speaking smelling smoothly smuggler smashed smearing smallpox

small, smallpox, smart, smashed,speaking, smearing, smelling, smoke, smoothly, smuggler,

iii. terminal terminate terminology termite terms terrace terrible terribly

terminal, terminate, terminology, terms, terrace, terrible, territory, terror

Comprehension

Answer the following questions.

a. Why did the speaker receive thousands of good-wishes cards and gifts from all over the world?

The speaker was shot by Taliban on the left side of her forehead and was hospitalized for her treatment and recovery. So the speaker received thousands of good wishes cards and gifts from all over the world.

b. According to the speaker, what are hundreds of human rights activists and social workers struggling for?

According to the speaker, hundreds of human activist and social workers are struggling for achieving their goals of education, peace and equality.

c. What has she learnt from Gandhi?

She learnt the value of nonviolence from Gandhi.

d. In what sense is peace necessary for education?

Peace is very necessary for qualitative education. Children can obtain fruitful education only if there is peaceful environment. If not then the children are afraid to go to school and furthermore they cannot focus on their study. Hence peace is very necessary for education.

e. According to the speaker, what are the main problems faced by both men and women?

According to the speaker, poverty, ignorance, injustice, racism and deprivation of basic rights are the main problems faced by both men and women.

f. What is Malala calling upon all governments?

Malala is calling upon all governments to ensure free education for all children all over the world, to fight against terrorism and violence and to protect them from brutality and harm.

g. What is the main message of this speech?

The main message of this speech is that education is such a weapon that eradicate the problems like illiteracy, terrorism, violence and harassment of fundamentals rights of human. So, providing education to every children in this world should be the first priority of all governments.

Critical thinking

a. ‘All children have the right to quality education. How can we ensure this right to every child? Discuss the role of the government and the parents to make sure that every child can attend school.’

Quality education is the demand of 21st century. There is different aspects related to get the quality education. The role of parents, government and schools are the main stakeholders related to a student’s quality education.

Role of Government

– The government can subsidize education in several forms including school fees for low-income parents.

– Providing equality in education whereby the government ensures that the public schools offer a high quality of knowledge to the learners.

– A government should ensure that teachers are well paid so that they are motivated in the provision of their services.

– A government should put in place rules that could check to eliminate outdated syllabus since it misdirects many teachers and learners in schools.

Roles of Parents

– Kids would be easily inspired by what their parents do. So it would be good to be a role model in their learning phase.

– Parents should talk to their kid about how their school life and different memories associated with it.

– Parents should help them to be more organized with their daily routine and find enough time for the lessons.

– Parents should make sure that the kids are provided with a peaceful and pleasant atmosphere at home.

b.’Do you think that there is still discrimination between sons and daughters in terms of providing education in our country? What strategies do you suggest to overcome such discrimination against girls?’

Education in Nepal is still in its background phase. While advancements have been made to provide free education through government schools, this education is widely considered to be insufficient in comparison to the education provided by private schools. In comparison to private schools, government schools are less funded and provide a poorer quality of education. Despite this, a large number of girls are enrolled in government schools, while their brothers receive the opportunity for quality, or at least better, education in private schools. This disparity can be traced back to a history of gender based marginalization in the Nepalese society. More significantly, girls are discriminated in terms of education because their parents think that they go to their new homes after their marriage and cannot care their parents when they get older. Finally people still believe that males are physically, mentally and politically strong so that parents send their sons to high quality schools and girls to lower one.

A number of strategies should be applied by all to afford education to the girls to bring about the prosperity of the nation. Some of them are listed below:

1. Gender biases should be ended.

2. Women should be given platforms to be in power and achieve economic success.

3. Violence and sexual assault against women should be ended.

4. The preference for the son should be removed from the people’s psychology.

5. Money given in the name of dowry should be invested in the girl’s education.

c. ‘A Chinese philosopher Confucius said, “If your plan is for one year, plant rice; if your plan is for ten years, plant trees; if your plan is for one hundred years, educate children.” What is the meaning of this saying? Elaborate this with examples.’

The sole meaning of above statement is that our destination decide what type of efforts should be applied. If our set our goals and destination big then surely it will take a long time to achieve it. One of the philosophical doctrines presented by the Chinese philosopher before Christ, confusion is the key factor for bringing prolonged dimensional change in the life of people. It is not like planting rice and planting trees whose output appears within a year or within a decade. We have to wait for almost a century to get better result.

Actually the above statement is explaining about the importance of education. At present time people without education is just like a pen without ink. Education shapes our future. It makes us well reputed in the society. Furthermore, without education thinking of a developed country is just like building castle in air. If today’s children are provided a quality education then they will play a crucial role in the development of the nation and create civilized society in future. Therefore, children should be provided with the best possible education as an investment so that it will benefit the whole country in the future.

Grammar

Classify the underlined words into different word classes.

a. The man who is wearing glasses is my uncle’s friend.

who – pronoun

wearing – verb

my – determiner

b. I bought a round table in the supermarket.

round – adjective

the – determiner

c. Alas, she is dead.

Alas – interjection

d. Hari works very hard all the time but his wife is very lazy.

hard – adverb

wife – noun

very – adverb

e. I have never been to Japan.

never – adverb

f. Ann drove a car safely.

Ann – Noun

Safely – Adverb

g. Nobody has claimed it.

nobody – pronoun

it – pronoun

h. She cut her hand with a knife.

her – determiner

with – preposition

i. They have postponed the program because of rain.

have – verb

because of – preposition

rain – noun

j. Everybody comes to the party.

everybody – pronoun

k. All such people ought to be avoided.

all – determiner

such – determiner

l. All of the food has gone.

all – pronoun

m. What was that noise?

what – pronoun

n. One must not boast of one’s own success.

one – pronoun

o. Nobody was there to rescue the child.

nobody – pronoun

p. Neither of the accusations is true.

neither – pronoun

q. Neither answer is correct.

neither – determiner

r. Here is the book that you lent me.

here – adverb

that – pronoun

s. Without health there is no happiness.

without – proposition

health – noun

happiness – noun

Communication Exercise : Question Answers and Grammar

Full exercise of Free Writing | Language Development | Class 11 English Notes SBN ONLINE SCHOOL

Communication

Ways with words

A. The words in the crossword puzzle are from the text. Find them in the text to solve the puzzle based on the clues given below.

Down

1. to be preoccupied with a single topic or emotion – obsessed

3. to move slowly and quietly in a particular direction – creep

4. orderly, logical and Consistent – coherent

Across

2. to utter rapidly or unintelligibly – babble

5. to insert something between other things – interpose

6. an unreadable handwriting – squiggle

B. Use the following words in sentences of your own.

Massive:

He died from a massive heart attack.

Consciousness:

He moaned with pain before losing consciousness.

Catch-as-catch-can:

We went hitchhiking for a week and lived catch-as-catch-can.

Give up:

I’m too close to my goal to give up now.

Abandon:

As a baby he was abandoned by his mother.

Lousy:

He blamed Shreya for a lousy weekend.

Editing:

He’s editing a book of essays by Ritesh Berlin.

C. Word formation: Adjectives and Adverbs

b. Write the following words in the right columns. Change the adjectives into adverbs and nouns into adjectives.

remain

c. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate adjective or adverb.

i. Pramila is playing quietly (quiet/quietly).

ii. Hari speaks very loudly (loud/loudly).

iii. Mukesh is a careful (careful/carefully) driver.

iv. The test was easy (easy/easily) and we finished in time.

v. He is fitting the automatic (automatic/automatically) door in my house.

vi. My uncle speaks perfect (perfect/perfectly) Chinese.

vii. It was raining very heavily (heavy/heavily).

viii. She looked very calm (calm/calmly), but I am sure she was feeling very nervous

Comprehension

Answer the following questions.

a. Why is freewriting also called ‘automatic writing’?

Freewriting is also called ‘automatic writing’ because it is a continuous process of writing which is free from spellings, grammar and topics.

b. How do you differentiate writing from speaking?

Writing is editable and can be made more logical but it’s not possible in speaking. Writing is something evidential because it can be examined in future too but speaking is non evidential.

c. What is the biggest obstacle in the writing process, according to Elbow? Do you agree with him? Why? Why not?

The biggest obstacles in the writing process are the thoughts like what to write, contemplation of wrong grammar, wordiness of right editing etc. according to the Elbow. I favor his words. If writer started caring about his grammar, spelling, coherence and editing from first he can’t learn free writing properly.

d. How can freewriting overcome ‘writer’s block’?

Writers block are thoughts like what to write, how to write coherently, how to write right words and so on. Such methods tends to be writing than free writing. But free writing allows writer to write whatever he/she want without any limitations. Hence free writing overcome writes block.

e. What do you mean by ‘voice’ in writing?

Words, vocabularies and writing style is considered as voice in writing.

f. Elbow uses a simile to explain that freewriting “is like writing something and putting it in a bottle in the sea.” What does this mean? Explain.

If we put something in bottle and put it in the sea, nobody will go to sea again in search of that bottle and see what’s inside that. Similarly, if we write something in our copy and leave that, it won’t be examined by anybody else later.

Critical thinking

a. How does the author persuade readers in this essay? What is he trying to communicate to the readers?

The author here in this essay has suggested his suggestions for improving writing skills for all his readers. According to him, the best way to improve writing skills is free writing. Free writing should be done repeatedly to improve writing skills. He calls it automatic writing where a writer can express his feelings spontaneously. Free writing never accepts feedback. He also adds that the most important part of freewriting is “don’t change”. For him, editing is the biggest obstacle in the writing process. Compulsive and premature editing habits hinder the writer’s creativity. The writing process becomes difficult as well as dead through the editing process. For writers, free writing should be kept away from the editing process that gets in the way of the author’s authentic feeling and natural way. According to him, the main source of strength in our writing is the “voice” which includes sound, rhythm, and plot. It is the power that makes the reader listen to the writer. It is the energy that pushes meaning into the thick skull.

b. Elbow said, freewriting “is an exercise in bringing together the process of producing words and putting them down on the page.” Do you agree with his statement? Why? Why not?

Yes, I agree with his statement. The main thing about freewriting is that it is not editable. This will make the writing less bogged down because the words will be easier to enter. Free writing is like our hidden voice that comes naturally when we start. We started producing words naturally. This is sound, plot and rhythm and is the main source of strength in our writing. A massive and complex series of edits was the biggest obstacle to the writing process, according to Elbow. Therefore, he asks us to start writing freely without considering the results. We just generate the words and write on the page. When we forget about editing, our freewriting becomes fluid. This helps us the next time we start writing freely.

c. How did you learn to write? What was particularly difficult in writing? What inspired you to write? What are some of the challenges that you still face while writing?

I learn to write by practicing freewriting on different topics from my English teacher. The most difficult thing in writing for me was to start writing. I felt a lot of difficulties at the beginning. Then I started doing things repeatedly. Every time I write, the writing looked better and better. I created a blog page and write blogs daily. Written articles related to stories, reports, news etc. inspired me to write. There are some of the challenges that I still face which are as follows:

1. Grammatical errors

2. Spelling Errors

3. Lack of Ideas

4. Poor Creativity

Writing

C. Write a paragraph on any one of the following topics.

a. My School Library

My School Library is a storehouse of books. It has a lot of different types of books. There are different subjects’ books in my School library. Students can get book issued in their library card. There re also many journals and magazines in my school library. Books are journals are issued for 15 days, then they should renew for next 15 days or I can get other book. There are three big rooms in library building. In one room, there are etxt books of science, commerce, education, humanities, la and information technology faculties. In second room, there are history, literature, journal and other books in different languages. The books are arranged in almarihs and shelves. The third room of the library is the reading room. It is a quiet place. It remains open all working day.

b. Moral Values I Like Most

Moral values are the principles and ethics that help us to live an honest life. It keeps our life on the right path. besides this, honesty and truthfulness are great moral values I like most. When we are honest and live by truth, there is not fear of corruption and violence. In this condition, there will be greater peace all around. We need to be courageous, bold, honest and truthful. It is easy to tell a lie and get benefit but we should try to live by truth. The truth may hurt us or someone but we may have to uphold the reality. We have to accept the truth at all times even the unfavorable time. We shouldn’t be jealous others’ belongings. We should do smart work to earn money without cheating other persons.

Grammar

B. Rewrite the following sentences with the adverbs in the appropriate place.

i. I watch television. (often)

I often watch television.

ii. Have you been to Janakpur? (ever)

Have you ever been to Janakpur.

iii. They play football on Saturday. (sometimes)

They sometimes play football on Saturday.

iv. The weather is bad in November. (always)

The weather is always bad in November.

v. We have fish for dinner. (seldom)

We seldom have fish for dinner.

vi. Pritam doesn’t get up before seven. (usually)

Pritam usually gets up after seven.

vii. I was very tired and I was hungry. (also)

I was very tired and I was also hungry.

viii. Did you enjoy the flight? (both)

Did you both enjjoy the flight?

C. Rewrite the following sentences placing the underlined words in the right position.

i. I never have understood her.

I have never understood her.

ii. We are often invited to the parties.

We are often invited to the parties.

iii. We all were tired, so we all fell asleep.

We were all tired, so we all fell asleep.

iv. Rajan drives always to work.

Rajan always drives to work.

v. Pradip hardly ever watches television, but he reads newspapers a lot.

Pradip hardly ever watches television, but he read newspaper a lot.

vi. We enjoyed very much the party.

We enjoyed the party very much.

vii. My brother speaks fluently English.

My brother speaks English fluently.

Media and Society Exercise : Question Answers and Grammar

Full exercise of Social Media: Its Infl uence and Control over People’s Lives | Language Development | Class 11 English Notes SBN ONLINE SCHOOL

Media And Society

Ways with words

A. Find the words from the text that have the following meanings.

a. a personal or corporate website – blog

b. a job requiring expertise in a particular field – profession

c. a feeling of sadness – disappointment

d. put under custody – detained

e. found guilty – convicted

f. breaking or disregarding rules or system – violating

g. advantages and disadvantages – pros and cons

h. a non-statutory monetary penalty – amercement

B. Use the following prepositional verbs in sentences.

apologize to

She apologized to all of the patients she had kept waiting.

adapt to

It is really hard for Jim to adapt to the new environment.

devote to

They devote an hour every day to worship.

refer to

Her mother never referred to him again.

reply to

The company has replied to the recent protests by posting an ad in the local newspaper.

admire for

I admire her dedication to the job.

apply for

Only genuine refugees can apply for asylum.

pray for

I came up here to pray for the most important things.

scold for

You feel a little like a scold for wanting it to buckle down and concentrate.

vote for

In parliament, all members voted for the new tax.

aim at

In the long run men hit only what they aim at.

arrive at

I arrive at nine o’clock.

glance at

With a glance at the demon lord, she stretched to grab it and rose.

look at

He turned and looked at her.

bring up

She’s struggling to bring up a family alone.

agree on

We agree on the question.

comment on

She refused to comment on their decision.

concentrate on

She closed her eyes to concentrate hard on summoning the portal.

rely on

They rely on a well for all their water.

count on

I was counting on the money from the insurance to buy a new house.

grow up

It’s a wonderful place to grow up.

escape from

He made a daring escape from his kidnappers.

recover from

We prayed she would recover from her illness.

resign from

He was forced to resign from the board in protest.

suffer from

All children will tend to suffer from separation from their parents and siblings.

separate from

South America separated from Africa 200 million years ago.

worry about

She always worries about his weight.

argue about

My two elder sisters always argue each other about politics.

boast about

She is boasting about how wonderful her car is.

dream about

dreamed about Annie all last night.

acquaint with

Travel will acquaint us with new customs.

agree with

I know you agree with me.

charge with

It’s difficult to see charge with in a sentence.

trust with

My parents trust me with their life.

confuse with

People often confuse me and my twin brother.

believe in

I believe in working hard to achieve success.

involve in

The test will involve answering questions about a photograph.

succeed in

He wants to succeed in everything he does.

specialize in

The bakers specialize in catering for large parties.

absorb in

Plants absorb carbon in the form of carbon dioxide.

Comprehension

A. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words/phrases from the text.

a. People are using social media for individual as well as marketing purposes.

b. Social media is not only a platform of sharing views, but also a platform of marketing strategy.

c. The hospital wanted Prita to pay Rp. 100 million forimmaterial losses.

d. Some singers organized clarified to help Prita.

e. The campaign to help Prita was able to collect Rp. 825 million.

B. Answer these questions.

a. How do you define social media?

Social media is computer based technology that facilitates the sharing of idea, thoughts and information through the building of virtual network and communities.

b. Social media has been an integral part of modern life. How?

Social media has been an integral part of modern life as it allows people to interact in ways we could never imagine and we can easily access to the person we want to talk from any part of the world to any different part of the world.

c. Why do people use Facebook and YouTube?

People use Facebook to exchange news through text and YouTube to watch videos.

d. What is a blog? How can it be beneficial to us?

A blog is a regularly updated website or web page, typically one run by an individual or small group, that is written in an informal or conversational style.

It can be beneficial to usbecause we can improve our writing skills, connect with people, learn new things, and so on.

e. Was Prita’s intention bad when she sent a message to her friends?

No, Prita’s intention was not bad when she sent a message to her friends because she just wanted her friends to be more careful in accepting many kinds of services.

f. How did Prita’s message become a big problem?

Prita’s message became a big problem after her friend shared it to a website (The People’s Forum).

g. Why was she convicted by the court?

She was convicted by the court for violating the law about using the ICT (Information and Communication Technology).

h. What was the purpose of the campaign, “Bantu Bebaskan Prita”?

The purpose of the campaign “Bantu Bebaskan Prita" was to collect money to help Prita so that she could pay the amercement.

i. How are people stronger than social media?

People are stronger than social media as they can easily think before they act and think before they speak.

Critical thinking

a. Does social media have positive impact in the society? Discuss.

Social media is a tool that is becoming quite popular these days because of its user-friendly features. Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and more are giving people a chance to connect with each other across distances. There are many positive ways in which social media can help to stay connected and support people’s wellbeing.

When we look at the positive aspect of social media, we find numerous advantages. The most important being a great device for education. All the information one requires is just a click away. Students can educate themselves on various topics using social media.

Furthermore, as more and more people are distancing themselves from newspapers, they are depending on social media for news. You are always updated on the latest happenings of the world through it. A person becomes more socially aware of the issues of the world.

In addition, it strengthens bonds with your loved ones. Distance is not a barrier anymore because of social media. For instance, you can easily communicate with your friends and relatives overseas.

Most importantly, it also provides a great platform for young budding artists to showcase their talent for free. You can get great opportunities for employment through social media too.

b. How do you compare virtual communication and face-to-face communication?

Communication can be done by both face to face and online methods. Face to face communication enhances the quality of a person’s life, whereas virtual communication has a new domain of possibilities for communicating with people.

The difference between face to face communication and virtual communication is that in the face to face communication, you can feel and see the presence of the other party, whereas, in virtual communication, you cannot see the other party to whom you are communicating with.

Face to face communication is a traditional method of communication that allows you of being able to see the opposite party you are talking to. This allows betterment in exchange for communication and information both for a person and to whom he is communicating. Even though the technology today is remarkable many still follow this kind of communication for clarity. Face to face communication is also an informal type of discussion between friends, family, colleagues, etc.

Virtual communication means when a person is communicating with another person via computer using the internet through email, etc. Due to technology development in a remarkable way, technology provides people with a significant way to communicate with other people and carry their business. We can talk and text anyone we want through mail anytime we want without having any boundaries for a person, whether the opposite person is online.

Writing

b. What is cyber bullying? What are its effects? How can it be stopped?

The use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending messages of an intimidating or threatening nature is known as cyber bullying. Cyber bullying is a common occurrence in which children, teenagers, and even adults are targeted, humiliated, tortured, or threatened online. Rumors, threats, posting sexual comments, sharing the victim’s personal information, and hate speech are all examples of harmful bullying behavior. Bullying is commonly found on social networking sites, SMS, email, and online gaming.

Cyberbullying is a multi-faced issue. Victims of cyberbullying feel unsafe even when they are at home. It is extremely difficult to avoid. It causes mental, emotional, and physical harm to the person because its effects can last for a long time. Low self-esteem, even suicidal tendencies, and a variety of negative emotional reactions may be experienced by the victim.

Cyberbullying prevention is the need of the hour. It needs to be monitored and put an end to. There are various ways to tackle cyberbullying. Awareness is the key to prevent online harassment. We should make the children aware from an early age so they are always cautious. Moreover, parents must monitor their children’s online activities and limit their usage. Most importantly, cyberbullying must be reported instantly without delay. This can prevent further incidents from taking place.

Grammar

B. Complete the following sentences using the correct prepositions of direction: to, toward, onto, or into.

a. Prem drove Milan to the airport.

b. The plane landed onto the runway.

c. The kids climbed onto the monkey bars.

d. Manish and Richa moved the table into the dining room.

e. Ganesh almost fell into the river.

f. Lalit and Sarita took the bus that was heading toward the university.

C. Complete the sentences with the correct preposition from the brackets.

a. While we were hiking through the forest, we saw a mountain lion. (across/through/along/under)

b. The leopards walked in a circle round the baby giraffe before they attacked.(into/towards/round/through)

c. Go out of the building and turn left. (into/up/off/out of)

d. She ran away from home when she was eighteen. (towards/away from/down/across)

e. Raindrops ran down the windscreen making it difficult to see the road.(into/up/down/over)

f. Hemanta put the plate onto the table and began to eat his dinner. (onto/into/up/off)

g. The frightened deer disappeared into the forest. (up/onto/into/toward)

h. We were driving towards the City Centre when we had an accident. (up/into/towards/along)

i. The smoke from the fire went up into the sky. (into/up/to/onto)

History and Culture Exercise : Question Answers and Grammar

Full exercise of Qin Dynasty | Language Development | Class 11 English Notes SBN ONLINE SCHOOL

History And Culture

Ways with words

A. Match the words with their meanings.

Brevity ➜ lasting only for a short time

Conquest ➜ victory over a place or people by use of military force

Resemblance ➜ the state of being alike

Barbarian ➜ a member of an uncivilized group of people of culture

Ally ➜ one state united to another by a treaty or a league for a military purpose

Nobility ➜ state of being noble in character, quality, or rank

Ruthlessness ➜ character of having no pity or compassion

Decimation ➜ the killing or destruction of a large number of a population

Harsh ➜ cruel

Elixir ➜ liquid that is believed to cure all ills

B. Find the following words in the text and use them in sentences of your own.

Invasion

The people live under a constant threat of invasion.

Disregard

The present article will disregard this distinction.

Paramount

His happiness was of paramount importance.

Populace

They had the populace on their side.

Revolt

The peasants’ revolt was crushed by the king.

Assassination

He was in constant fear of assassination and distrusted all around him.

Serfdom

It has reduced us politically to serfdom.

D. Consult a dictionary and prepare a list of ten homographs.

Bass – a type of fish/low, deep voice

Bat – a piece of sports equipment/an animal

Evening – smoothing out/after sunset

Bear – to endure/animal

Close – connected/lock

Lean – thin/rest against

Bow – bend forward/front of a ship

Lead – metal/start off in front

Skip – jump/miss out

Fair – appearance/reasonable

Comprehension

B. Answer these questions.

a. Why is the Zhou Age called a feudal age?

The Zhou Age is called a feudal age because Zhou period had followed the rule of feudalism.

b. What is the location advantage of the Qin?

The location advantage of Qin is the territory or area of dynasty is well bounded by mountains.

c. What contributed to the success in the warfare as described in the text?

The location of the state, their size of the army, and their expert use of the chariot contributed to their success in warfare.

d. Why did the Qin invite the foreign advisor, Shang Yang?

The Qin invited the foreign advisor, Shang Yang due to the lack of intellectual peoples in Qin.

e. What were the key features of the Qin political system?

The key features of the Qin political system were fear and control.

f. How were the people treated during the Qin Period?

The people were treated almost like slave in that period. People were supposed to contribute in all projects for welfare of Nation and were deprived from the approach of education.

g. Why did Shi Huangdi stop educating ordinary people?

Shi Huangdi stopped educating ordinary people because he believed that illiterate people can be controlled easily.

h. What did the Qin achieve by the legalism in practice?

The Qin achieved superior army, disciplined populace, obedient peoples, the great wall, great canal etc. by the help of legalism.

i. Why did Shi Huangdi never sleep in the same room for two consecutive nights?

Shi Huangdi never slept in the same room for two consecutive nights because of constant fear of assassination.

j. What are the everlasting marks of the Qin Dynasty?

The everlasting marks of the Qin Dynasty are as follows:

1. The Terracotta Army

2. Concept of Legalism

3. The Great Wall of China

4. The Grand Canal

5. Roads.

Critical thinking

a. The Great Wall and the Taj Mahal are the creation of the autocratic rulers. Present your view for or against this statement.

Yes, I believe that the Great Wall of China and the Taj Mahal were created by autocratic rulers. The Great Wall of China was built to protect the northern empire of China from enemy attacks. There are nineteen walls. The first wall was built in the 7th century BC.

The Great Wall of China cannot be built by individual effort. As punishment, people were forced to undertake such projects by autocratic rulers. The text mentions that people throughout the empire must share responsibility with each other. If a person did not behave according to the rules, others had to contact them. If they did not, they were dismembered or beheaded. Those who made the greatest contribution to the state were highly rewarded, while those whose lives were deemed inconsequential were used as slaves in Shi Huangdi’s construction projects such as the Great Wall of China, the Grand Canal, and the streets that grew up in the simple trade and travel.

Likewise, Taj Mahal is the result of the autocratic ruler of the Mughal Emperor of India, Shah Jahan. It is believed that he built it to immortalize his wife Mumtaz. Shah Jahan is said to have cut off the artists’ hands to prevent them from recreating the same type of structure. Historical facts show that the king was more inconsiderate than romantic. It took 20,000 workers to build the Taj Mahal over 20 years.

Everyone remembers the names of the emperors who built the structures, but no one is eager to explore the reality behind the structures. Therefore, The Great Wall and the Taj Mahal can be considered as the creation of the autocratic rulers.

b. How do you describe the pros and cons of feudalism?

Feudalism is defined as a dominant social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return.

Pros of feudalism

Feudalism helped protect communities from the violence and warfare that broke out after the fall of Rome and the collapse of strong central government in Western Europe. Feudalism secured Western Europe’s society and kept out powerful invaders. The Lords were the major persons who keep away people’s worries. Feudalism helped people to develop the qualities like loyalty, bravery, generosity, and humility.

Cons of feudalism

The concept of feudalism used to divide poor and rich people into two classes. It created class divisions among people. Common and weak people had to be dependent upon the Lords. Easy environment for powerful people to impose their power over others. Lords could easily do whatever they wanted. Peasants had to survive under the lords and they were not allowed to leave their lords’ land. They were restricted in movement and even daily activities without their lords’ permission.

Writing

a. Write an email to your friend living abroad stating the contributions of Prithvi Narayan Shah in the unification of Nepal.

To: 123sbnschoolexample@gmail.com

From: pleasewriteyourselfagmail@hmail.com

Subject: Contributions of Prithivi Narayan Shah in the Unification of Nepal

Following the recent discussions on the above subject, here are more clarifications on the immeasurable contributions that Prithivi Narayan Shah brought to ensure that Nepal is what it is today.

Shah ended the divisions and infighting that existed between the four major Nepalese principalities of Gorkha, Malla, Patan, and Bhadgaon. Though the prince was a very ambitious member of the Shah ruling family of Gorkha, his personal involvement brought the wars among Malla, Patan, and Bhadgaon to an end.

He did not stop there. He resolved their long-term differences and consolidated them to become modern-day Nepal. Shah also worked hard to strengthen the unity of Nepal. This unity ended the many years when foreigners could easily invade any of the small states to conquer them.

No doubt, you will appreciate that this was not a mere achievement. While others were dividing nations, he united. While others conquered nations for their selfish interests, he strengthened Nepal for national unity.

From this brief email, you will appreciate that Shah made lasting contributions to the Nepal we can call home today.

From your friend,

Austin

Grammar (Past Tense)

B. Complete the texts below using the correct past forms of the verbs from the bracket.

a. The Maya established a very advanced civilisation in the jungles of the Yucatan. However, their culture disappeared (disappear) by the time Europeans first arrived (arrive) in the New World.

b. When I turned (turn) on the radio yesterday, I heard (hear) a song that was popular when I was (be) at the basic level of my study. It took (take) me back to some old memories.

c. I was looking for a job. I applied (apply) for a job last week. Fortunately, I got (get) it and now I am a job holder.

C. Choose the correct words from the list and complete the sentences with the correct verb form.

a. Newton saw an apple falling from the tree.

b. Ramesh Bikal wrote many popular stories.

c. My jacket is expensive. It cost me Rs 5000.

d. She got up early in the morning yesterday.

e. When I was small, my father taught me at home.

f. Why did you throw the cap away?

D. Put the verb into the correct form and complete the sentences.

a. I went to see the film, but I did not it. (not/enjoy)

b. I met Rojina in town in a few days ago. (meet)

c. It was very warm, so I took off my coat. (take off)

d. Though the bed was very comfortable, I did not sleep very well. (not/sleep)

e. I started new job last week. (start)

g. He was too busy in the office yesterday. (be)

h. Nita invited her to the party, but she didn’t come. (invite)

Life and Love Exercise : Question Answers and Grammar

Full exercise of The Looking Glass | Language Development | Class 11 English Notes SBN ONLINE SCHOOL

Life And Love

Ways with words

A. Match the words with their meanings.

a. exhausted – tired

b. apparent – clear

c. vista – vision

d. undulating – wavy

e. destined – predetermined

f. stuffy – suffocating, airless

g. restrain – prevent, hinder

B. Write the meaning and word class of the following words. Then use them in sentences of your own.

1. implore (verb): beg someone earnestly or desperately to do something.

I regretfully and respectfully implore you to help us.

2. despair (noun): the complete loss or absence of hop

A few positive words can turn despair into hope.

3. beseech (verb): ask (someone) urgently and fervently to do something

I will fall at his feet and beseech him.

4. eloquent (adjective): able to express a feeling

He made an eloquent plea for peace.

5. whirl (noun): a state of confusion

My head is starting to whirl.

6. egoism (noun): the fact of being excessively conceited in oneself

His egoism stopped him from loving anyone but himself.

7. agony (noun): extreme physical or mental suffering

She screamed again in agony as pain seared through her shoulder.

8. delirious (adjective): in a state of wild excitement or ecstasy

The patient may be somewhat confused and delirious.

9. delusive (adjective): giving a false or misleading impression

They were only coquetting a little with us, or bent on kindling delusive hopes.

10. compensate (verb): reduce the bad effect of loss

His enthusiasm compensates for his lack of skill.

11. mortgage (noun): convey a property to a creditor as security on a loan

She didn’t have enough money to pay the mortgage.

12. brood (noun): a large family of children

He grew up among a lively brood of brothers and sisters.

13. prelude (noun): an action or event serving as an introduction to something more important

A ceasefire had been agreed as a prelude to full peace negotiations.

D. Choose the correct word.

a. Sarita was shocking/shocked to hear about earthquake.

b. I think that rainy days in winter are depressing/depressed.

c. The football match was very exciting/excited. I enjoyed it.

d. The meals at Delight Café are satisfying/satisfied.

e. I’ve got nothing to do. I’m boring/bored.

f. Tanka is very good at telling funny stories. He can be very amusing/amused.

g. The teacher’s explanation was confusing/confused. Most of the students didn’t understand it.

h. He is such a boring/bored person. He never wants to go out.

i. I will be surprising/surprised if she does well in her test.

j. Are you interesting/interested in politics?

E. Write the correct form of the adjective in the blanks as in the example.

a. They frustrate me but they don’t bore me. I never get bored when I study grammar.

b. If teachers want to interest the students, they must use interesting materials.

c. Certain stories interest almost everybody. For example, most students are interested in fairy tales.

d. Certain things frighten me, but I never get frightened when I speak English.

e. If I get a good grade, that excites me. And if I get more than ninety percent, I am really excited

Understanding the text

Answer these questions.

a. Who was Nellie? What did she use to dream of?

Nellie was the daughter of a landowner and general, a young and pretty girl. She used to dream of getting married.

b. What was she doing with the looking glass?

She was staring into the looking glass with exhausted, half-closed eyes.

c. Why did she go to the doctor on one winter night?

She went to the doctor one night because her husband was ill.

d. What was Stepan Lukitch doing when she reached his bedroom?

Stepan Lukitch was lying on his bed when she reached his bedroom.

e. Why was the doctor not ready to go to see her husband?

The doctor was not ready to go to see her husband because the doctor was exhausted and ill himself seeing the typhus patients for last three days.

f. Why did Stepan Lukitch suggest Nellie to go to the Zemstvo doctor?

Stepan Lukitch suggested Nellie to go to the Zemstvo doctor because he was ill himself and Nellie needed immediate treatment.

g. Nellie said, “Come, perform that heroic deed! Have pity on us!" What was that pity to be done?

The pity to be done was to treat Nellie’s husband.

h. When Nellie said, "I must have fallen asleep." What does it mean?

It means that Nellie stopped was awaken and was ready for facing the realities of life.

i. What is the main theme of the story?

The main theme of the story is devotion, loneliness, escape, fear, love, dedication, hope, defeat and independence.

Critical thinking

a. “The looking glass (mirror)” is used as a symbol in the story. What does it symbolise?

In “Looking Glass,” the mirror symbolizes Nellie’s central character traits: her longing to be married and her habit of escaping her dull life into her elaborate fantasies. Protagonist Nellie is introduced dreamily gazing into her handheld mirror before falling asleep and seeing her “destined one” as clearly as if she were awake.

b. Chekhov employs the magic trick in the story, using a very elegant transition from reality to imagination to reality sequence. Discuss its relevance to life of young people.

Anton Chekhov’s short story “The Looking Glass” might be relevant to the life of young people due to its fairy-tale quality. It’s as if Nellie turns herself into a distressed princess; her husband becomes a kind of afflicted prince charming. It’s interesting that her husband doesn’t have a name. The lack of a name connects to other fairy tales for young readers in which the male love interest is never given a clear name. In Cinderella, for instance, the prince has no name.

Apart from a connection to fairy tales intended for young people, it could be argued that Chekov’s short story underscores the ways in which young people tend to dramatize life. It’s not uncommon for books, movies, and TV shows to portray young people as histrionic, overemotional, and hyperbolic. Nellie might represent the ways in which young people tend to glamorize love, suffering, and other things that might not be so enchanting in reality. Since some young people are fortunate enough to have not had to personally experience devastating hardship, they might be more inclined to invent their own. If their imagined scene grows too scary, they can, like Nellie, wake up, and it’ll be done with.

When discussing the relevance of “The Looking to Glass” to young people, it might be insightful to note that all people, whatever their age, tend to be susceptible to fantasy, exaggeration, and flights of fancy. There are probably just as many overdramatic books, movies, and TV shows for adults as there are for young people. Furthermore, the sensational, slanted nature of social media and news outlets suggests that adults travel back and forth between reality and fantasy more often than they might like to admit.

Grammar

B. Match the expressions with their functions.

A: What do you want to take?

B: I’ll have tea, please.

Deciding

A: Are you free this evening?

B: No, I’m going to meet my uncle.

Expressing a prior plan

c. The day will be lovely tomorrow.

Predicting a future action

d. There is no cloud in the sky.

It’s going to be a lovely day.

Predicting with evidence

e. Don’t worry. I won’t tell anyone.

Promising

f. I’ll take you to the movies if you like.

Offering

g. I’ll tell your parents what you did.

Threatening

C. Choose the correct answer.

A: Are you busy this evening?

B: Yes, I am going to the movies. (will go/am going to)

A: Where are you going for holiday this summer?

B: Not sure yet. Maybe I will go to Ilam. (will go/am going to)

c. I think you will like this movie. (will /are going to)

d. I can’t join you at the party, I am going to be away for two weeks. (will /am going to)

e. This exercise looks really hard. I will help you. (will/am going to)

A: Hello. Can I speak to Sima, please?

B: Just a minute. I will get her. (will/am going to)

g. Perhaps she will pass the exam. (will/is going to)

h. ‘I haven’t got my phone.’ ‘That’s OK. I will lend you mine.’ (will/am going to)

D. Complete the sentences using will or be going to with the verbs.

Hari: Did you call Bina?

Prem: Oh, I forgot. I will call her now. (call)

Sunita: Have you got a ticket for the play?

Hema: Yes, I am going to watch it on Saturday. (watch)

c. ‘The alarm is ringing. It’s making an awful noise.’ ‘OK, I will switch it off.’ (switch)

d. Do you think they will like the the presents we got for them? (like)

e. ‘Lok is starting university tomorrow.’ ‘What is he going to study?’ (he/study)

f. If I meet him, I will tell him the news. (tell)

g. The phone is ringing. I will answer it. (answer)

h. If you don’t stop bullying her, I will tell the teacher. (tell)

Health and Exercise Exercise : Question Answers and Grammar

Full exercise of You may scoff … | Language Development | Class 11 English Notes SBN ONLINE SCHOOL

Health And Exercise

Ways with words

A. Ten words in the bold face in the text correspond to the definitions below. Match the definitions with the corresponding words.

a. in spite of what has just been said or referred to

nevertheless

b. a strong desire or impulse

urge

c. the ability to continue trying to do something, although it is very difficult

determination

d. to attract attention to or emphasize something important

highlight

e. arguing about things that are not important

bickering

f. not having things or conditions that are usually considered necessary

deprivation

g. continue to exist

persist

h. soft loose flesh on a person’s body

flab

i. to improve or increase something

boost

j. a limiting condition on something

restriction

Now, make sentences of your own using the same words in bold type.

a. Nevertheless the idea of the value of improving breeds is gaining ground.

b. She fought back the urge to run.

c. Determination was her motivation to stand up to the bully.

d. Do you know what he highlighted in red?

e. Maybe he meant he was sick of all the bickering with his family.

f. They are often targeted on areas of multiple deprivation.

g. f the symptoms persist, contact your doctor.

h. I wish everyone who is fighting the flab the very best of luck.

i. Drama also boosts the communication skills of students with special needs.

j. Both these propositions were, with some restrictions, secured.

B. The words ‘restriction’ and ‘awareness’ are nouns with the suffixes ‘-ion’ and ‘-ness’. Make a list of as many words as you can which end in ‘-ion’ and ‘-ness’. Make a list of as many words as you can which end in ‘-ion’ and ‘ness.

‘-ion’

pollution, invention, invention, solution, substitution, partition, evolution

-’ness’

politeness, goodness, badness, usefulness, Kindness

Comprehension

A. Write whether the following statements are True, False or Not Given.

a. During the holidays people eat and drink more than usual. True

b. Getting too little exercise and eating too much is the reason why people put on weight. True

c. David Allison’s research involved studying rats under laboratory conditions. False

d. You may need to go shopping for clothes if you come down with a cold. True

e. Adenovirus-36 (AD-36) decreases the percentage of fat in the fat cells. False

f. Vaccination against infections could be used in the future to prevent obesity. True

g. People under severe stress can experience breathing difficulties. Not Given

h. A study indicates that mice that have never been on a diet choose fatty food, when given a choice between high-calorie or low-calorie food products. False

i. Rajita Sinha has been studying the connection between brain activity and behaviour. False

j. Specific hormones regulate our appetite. True

B. Answer the following questions.

a. In what sense are the holidays a time of excess? When can a person gain weight?

In holidays people eat and drink more than usual. In this sense holidays are a time of excess. A person can gain weight if he/she eats more food and do little exercise.

b. According to David Allison, which factor contributes to excess obesity?

According to David Allison, over eating and under exercise contributes to excess obesity.

c. What, according to Dhurandhar, can be the way of preventing fatness?

According to Dhurandhar, vaccination against infections can be the way of preventing fatness.

d. What is the relationship between chill and obesity? How can saying ‘om’ help reduce fatness?

Being chill, we can reduce our fatness. Saying ‘Om’ helps reduce fatness by taking control over the urges and stress related eating of high calorie foods.

e. Why is it necessary to be careful while buying plastic packaged fatty foods?

It is necessary to be careful while buying plastic packaged fatty foods because they contain endocrine disrupter chemicals that can affect our stomach.

f. Why does Nelson suggest avoiding blue wavelengths of light at night?

Nelson suggests avoiding blue wavelengths of light at night because these lights might increase the calories in human body.

g. How does breathing polluted air affect one’s fatness?

Breathing polluted air affects one’s fatness as polluted air activates (chronic) inflammation and disrupts the body’s ability to burn energy.

h. What is the link between sleep and weight?

The link between sleep and weight is that sleep deprivation boosts body weight.

Critical thinking

a. What do you do you to keep yourself fit? What food do you avoid and why?

Staying fit is a great way to improve our mood and overall health. Many people struggle with staying fit over time, but the benefits of fitness definitely outweigh the costs. With some commitment and motivation, we can maintain our physical fitness for years to come! I do regular exercising and take balanced diet to keep myself fit.

I avoid any junk food, foods which are high in sugar like donuts, cakes, cookies and the foods which are high in fat like processed meats, hydrogenated oil and shortening. I do so because it is one of the most important components of a fit lifestyle. Many people ignore it, but if we exercise and eat a lot of unhealthy foods like junk foods we will not get any fitter. This is because the junk food turns to fat almost immediately. Junk foods contain poor nutrition and are high in sodium and sugar. Because of this, our body sugar levels drop after consumption and we end up feeling fatigued with a major lack of energy.

b. Healthy citizens are the greatest asset of a country. What can a state do to keep her citizen healthy?

The success or failure of any government in the final analysis must be measured by the well-being of its citizens. Nothing can be more important to a state than its public health; the state’s paramount concern should be the health of its people. A state can do the following things to keep her citizens healthy:

1. A state should provide peoples with proper health care facilities.

2. Proper education is also required for maintaining mental and social health, so emphasis on education must be given.

3. People must be made awared of the communicable diseases through advertisements and mass media.

4. Proper vaccination should be done against common communicable diseases.

Writing

a. Yoga can be good to stay physically and mentally healthy. Do you practice any yoga? Write an essay on the benefits of yoga.

Benefits of Yoga

Yoga is an ancient art that connects the mind and body. It is an exercise that we perform by balancing the elements of our bodies. In addition, it helps us meditate and relax.

Yoga has numerous benefits if we look at it closely. You will get relief when you practice it regularly. As it keeps away the ailments from our mind and body. In addition, when we practice several asanas and postures, it strengthens our body and gives us a feeling of well-being and healthiness.

Furthermore, yoga helps in sharpening our mind and improving our intelligence. We can achieve a higher level of concentration through yoga and also learn how to steady our emotions. It connects us to nature like never before and enhances our social well-being.

21st of June is celebrated as International Day of Yoga where people are made aware of the benefits of yoga. Yoga is a great gift to mankind which helps us keep better and maintain our health. You also develop a higher patience level when you practice yoga which also helps in keeping the negative thoughts away. You get great mental clarity and better understanding.

In short, yoga has several benefits. Everyone must practice it to keep their health maintained and also benefit from it. It is the secret to living a healthy and long life without the use of any artificial means like medicines or any other shortcuts of any kind.

b. How can a person be mentally healthy? Provide about ten tips to a person to stay mentally fresh and healthy.

An important part of keeping fit and healthy is to take care of your own mental health. There are plenty of things you can do to help make sure you keep yourself mentally healthy. Some of the tips to keep the mind healthy are as follows:

Some of the tips to keep the mind healthy are as follows:

1. Get plenty of sleep

2. Eat well

3. Take a break

4. Avoid alcohol, smoking and drugs

5. Get plenty of sunlight

6. Manage stress

7. Activity and exercise

8. Do something you enjoy

9. Connect with others and be sociable

10. Be a tourist in your own town

Grammar

B. Complete the sentences by choosing the correct verbs from the brackets.

a. Everyone has (has/have) problems in their life. Countries also have (has/have) problems, and so does (do/does) the world. One of the greatest problems is (is/are) the growing population. The population in some countries is (is/are) huge.

b. A number of my friends love (love/loves) riding bicycles, but neither my brother nor my sister owns (own/owns) a cycle. At 4 o’clock, either my mother or father is (is/are) coming to pick me up in a car.

c. The pair of shoes on the floor is (is/are) mine. The shoes were (was/ were) made in China. The three thousand rupees I spent on them was (was/were) worth it.

C. Are the following sentences correct? If not, correct them.

a. Everyone of the workers receive the same benefits.

Everyone of the workers receives the same benefits.

b. There is two gerbils in my bathroom.

There are two gerbils in my bathroom.

c. Both of my friends live in Kathmandu.

Both of my friends live in Kathmandu.

d. Scissors is used to have our hair cut.

Scissors are used to have our hair cut.

e. You and your friends are welcome to join us.

You and your friends are welcome to join us.

f. Are the news on at five or six?

Is the news on at five or six?

g. The man with all his children live in the city.

The man with all his children lives in the city.

h. Mathematics are Prem’s favourite subject, while Economics is Alina’s favourite subject.

Mathematics is Prem’s favourite subject, while Economics is Alina’s favourite subject.

Ecology and Development Exercise : Question Answers and Grammar

Ecology And Development

Ways with words

A. Match the words with their meanings.

Constituency – electoral district

Pursue – to follow in an effort to overtake or capture

Infiltrate – to enter or gain access to (an organization, place, etc.) secretly and gradually

Nomadic – living the life of roaming

Anatomy – art of studying the different parts of any organized body

Subversive – seeking or intended to overthrow an established system or institution

C. Make two other words by using each prefix given above and use them in sentences.

mal

Malignancy – This should be followed up to exclude a malignancy.

Malware – Malware and viruses could infect their computers.

mis

Misspell – t’s difficult to see misspell in a sentence.

Mismatch – Their marriage was a mismatch they had little in common.

Uncover – Erin never does get to uncover his true identity.

Unsafe – If it weren’t so unsafe, he’d take her with him

Inedible – The food on the flight was totally inedible.

Incapable – She’d been incapable of empathy or remorse.

pre

Prevent – I’m sorry to prevent you from seeing him.

Preplan – Now, it is time to preplan new trip.

Illogical – Not being feminist to me is just totally illogical.

Illusion – These will give the illusion of a cinched waist.

dis

Discomfort – Elisabeth’s discomfort was evident.

Disengage – Overcharge the Plasma Pistol and disengage a vehicle.

Immature – Katie had always been immature, maybe even a little lazy.

Immortal – The Dark One was going to turn her Immortal.

Return – I have something to return to you.

Rewrite – We can rewrite history as much as we like.

Irremovable – Nowadays, most of smartphone have irremovable battery.

Irrational – These are isolated cases of irrational numbers.

Deactivate – At this point your account will immediately be deactivated.

Defrost – A basic microwave oven should be able to cook, defrost and reheat.

non

Nonstick – You’ll definitely need an nonstick cooking spray.

Nonverbal – Their nonverbal exchange made me smile.

Comprehension

Answer these questions.

a. What did Maathai decide to do for the community?

Maathai decided to create jobs for the community.

b. Mention the problems faced by women in Kenya.

The problems faced by women in Kenya were malnutrition, lack of food and adequate water, uemployment and soil erosion.

c. Why did the speaker go to the women to talk about planting trees?

The speaker went to the women to talk about planting trees because the women in Kneya were most affected by the problems of firewood, malnutrition, lack of food and adequate water, unemployment and soil erosion, and were concerned about children and future.

d. What is the most important achievement of the movement described in the text?

The most important achievement of the movement described in the text is women were independent, had acquired knowledge and techniques, had become empowered. They have been teaching each other.

e. Why were the foresters’ ways not helpful to the women for planting trees?

The foresters’ ways were not helpful to the women for planting trees because they have complicated the ways of dealing with a very simple thing like looking for seeds and planting trees.

f. When and how did she start The Green Belt Movement?

She started The Green Belt Movement on World Environment Day by planting the first seven trees

g. Why do the donors want to provide money to the women?

The donors want to provide money to the women because their efforts were providing satisfactory results.

h. What happened when the speaker criticized the political leadership?

The speaker has been portrayed as subversive when the speaker criticized the political leadership.

i. Mention the agencies that supported her movement.

The agencies that supported her movement are as follows:

– United Nations Development Fund for Women

– Danish Voluntary Fund

– Norwegian Agency for International Development

– African Development Foundation

Critical thinking

a. Do you think that the title “Foresters without Diplomas” is suitable to the essay? How?

Yes I think that the essay’s title, “Foresters without Diplomas,” is appropriate.The writer and her team initially summoned the foresters to show how they grow trees to the ladies. Because they possessed degrees, the foresters proved to be very difficult to work with. They developed complicated ways for coping with outwardly basic tasks like as searching for seeds and growing trees. Finally, the writer and her colleagues instructed the ladies on how to do the task using common sense, which they accomplished. They were able to search the area for seeds and learn to identify seedlings as they germinate from seeds that had fallen to the ground. Women did not have the same opportunities as males.

b. Can a person make a difference in a society? Discuss with an example from a person who has made a difference in your society.

It’s easy to feel like one can person can’t make a difference. The world has so many big problems, and they often seem impossible to solve. We know that while many common ways to do well, such as becoming a doctor, have less impact than you might first think; others have allowed certain people to achieve an extraordinary impact. In other words, one person can make a difference, but you might have to do something a little unconventional.

Numerous folks have made outstanding and significant change, not only for our society, but the entirety of all people, the world over. Some of those examples are Dr. Jonas Salk found the vaccine that prevented people from contracting Polio, Thomas Edison discovered the light bulb, a major innovation to society, the world over. So we can see that a person can make a positive difference in the lives of people not in our society but throughout the world.

c. Write an essay on ‘The Community Forest in Nepal’. Describe how these community forests have contributed to maintain ecology in our environment.

The Community Forest in Nepal

The Community Forestry Program in Nepal is a global innovation in participatory environmental governance that encompasses well-defined policies, institutions, and practices. The program addresses the twin goals of forest conservation and poverty reduction. As more than 70 percent of Nepal’s population depends on agriculture for their livelihood, community management of forests has been a critically important intervention.

Through legislative developments and operational innovations over three decades, the program has evolved from a protection-oriented, conservation-focused agenda to a much more broad-based strategy for forest use, enterprise development, and livelihood improvement. By April 2009, one-third of Nepal’s population was participating in the program, directly managing more than one-fourth of Nepal’s forest area.

The immediate livelihood benefits derived by rural households bolster strong collective action wherein local communities actively and sustainably manage forest resources. Community forests also became the source of diversified investment capital and raw material for new market-oriented livelihoods. Community forestry shows traits of political, financial, and ecological sustainability, including emergence of a strong legal and regulatory framework, and robust civil society institutions and networks.

However, a continuing challenge is to ensure equitable distribution of benefits to women and marginalized groups. Lessons for replication emphasize experiential learning, establishment of a strong civil society network, flexible regulation to encourage diverse institutional modalities, and responsiveness of government and policymakers to a multistakeholder collaborative learning process.

Grammar

c. Underline the verb in each sentence and write whether it is transitive, intransitive or linking.

a. His father looks handsome.

looks = linking verb

b. Bhawana drinks milk every day.

drinks = transitive verb

c. He became a watchman.

became = linking verb

d. This bread smells good.

smells = linking verb

e. The dog barked loudly.

barked = intransitive verb

f. He chased the dog.

chased = transitive verb

g. My sister swims fast.

intransitive verb

h. He painted a picture.

painted = transitive verb

i. Radhika always asks questions.

asks = transitive verb

j. Anjana has a long hair.

has = linking verb

k. Hungry lion roars.

intransitive verb

l. He tried again and again.

tried = intransitive verb

m. The weather is hot.

is = linking verb

n. Owls hide in the daytime.

hide = intransitive verb

Humour and Satire Exercise : Question Answers and Grammar

Full exercise of A Few Kind Words for Superstition | Language Development | Class 11 English Notes SBN ONLINE SCHOOL

Humour And Satire

Ways with words

A. Match the following.

transcendental – spiritual, nonphysical or mystical

deplore – to feel or express strong disapproval of (something)

absolve – set free from blame, guilt, or responsibility; release

juju – a charm or fetish used by some West African people

crude – natural state

chronicle – a written record of historical events

B. Find the contextual meanings of the following words from the text and then use them in sentences of your own.

a. condemn : to express disapproval

Don’t condemn him before you hear the evidence.

b. terror : a feeling of extreme fear

He lived in terror of being caught.

c. unbidden : without being asked, invited or expected

She shook her head to remove the unbidden thoughts.

d. persist : to continue to exist

The reporter persisted with his questioning.

e. devout : having or showing strong religious feeling/ religious

His grandfather is a devout Buddhist.

f. banish : to make somebody/something go away

The good wizard protected the temple with a spell to banish evil spirits.

g. creed : a system of principles or religious beliefs

Other countries have adopted this political creed enthusiastically.

h. hasten : to make something happen more quickly

The edge in his voice made her hasten her step.

i. sober : serious and sensible

He was as sober as a judge.

j. scorn : feel or express contempt or disdain for

He felt scorn for his working-class parents.

k. yearning : a strong and emotional desire

They had a deep yearning for their homeland.

l. aloof : not friendly/ disinterested in other people

His aloof response made her look up.

m. swarthy : having dark skin

My friend is skinny, with a swarthy complexion.

n. humbler : having or showing a modest or low estimate of one’s importance

The leader of a third troop took a humbler tone.

C. Trace the origins of each of the following words finding such explanations in a dictionary or the Internet. Then make sentences by using each word.

Minatory: From Latin minatorius

Meaning = threating

The hate group left a minatory threat in the form of a burning cross on the couple’s lawn.

Placated: From Latin Placast

Meaning = make somebody less angry

She was well placated when he did go on to choose Marley.

Cajoled: From French Cajoler

Meaning = pursuit somebody gently

I managed to cajole her out of leaving too early.

Antedates: From Latin ante

Meaning = predate; put earlier date; occur earlier than something

This event antedates the discovery of America by several centuries.

Proliferated: From Latin prolifer

Meaning = increase greatly; give birth

Bead stores seem to have proliferated the American landscape.

Philter: From Greek philtron

Meaning = magical tonic; love potion

He’s just full of magic philter.

D. List any five words found in an English dictionary beginning with the prefix ‘super-.’ What common meaning do all of these words share? How do the words in your list change meaning if you eliminate the prefix?

Superimpose = lay over; place on the top

Impose = enforce something; insist on something

Superman = exceptional man; man with strength power

Man = adult male human; person

Supernatural = super human; beyond the nature

Natural = related to nature; produced by nature

Supernumerary = extra; exceeding; many of

Numerary = number; of numbers

Superstar = above other artist; more popular artist

Star = mass of gas in space; popular artist

Comprehension

Answer these questions.

a. According to the author, what are the four types of superstition?

According to the author, the four types of superstition are Vain Observances, Divination, Idolatry and Improper Worship of the True God.

b. Which language is the word ‘superstition’ derived from? What does it mean?

The word ‘superstition’ is derived from the Latin language ‘supersisto’. It means to stand in terror of the Deity.

c. How do psychologists understand superstition?

Psychologists understand superstition as a compulsion that neurosis does not banish.

d. How does superstition differ from religion?

The difference between Religion and Superstition is that they differ in the belief of a community. Religion is confined to worshipping Gods and devoting them. Superstition is just a belief that relies on rituals performed over them.

e. What is the belief of some people in Middle Europe about sneezing?

Some people of Middle Europe believe that when a person sneezes, his/her soul is absent from body for a moment and they hasten to bless him.

f. In the author’s view, why are people so fascinated about superstition?

In the author’s view, people are so fascinated about superstition because people’s desire to know their fate, and to have some hand in deciding it.

Critical Thinking

a. What is the key takeaway of this essay? Do you think that this essay is satirical? Why?

The essay aims to convey the message that we are following superstition knowingly and unknowingly. Every individual no matter how logical or rational he/she is, carries superstitions. The essayist believes that many superstitions are widespread and too old that must have been risen from a depth of human mind that is indifferent to any race or creed.

The essay is satirical in the sense that it satirizes to those educated and uneducated people who are the victim of it. Throwing salt over the left shoulder after spilling it or avoiding walking under a ladder, resolving a matter related to university affairs by consulting the I Ching, placing jujus, lucky coins and other bringers of luck on the desks of the candidates in an examination hall, etc. are some of the superstitious activities he satires on.

b. Can education bring change in the belief of superstition? Present your arguments to support your answer.

Education may or may not bring change in the belief of superstition. Education can make people less superstitious. At least educated people are more likely to send the sick to the hospital, than to call priests to cast out demons in order to cure the sick. Education provides an understanding of the diseases, the cause and the cure of the diseases. Superstitions are due to fear of the unknown. Once the unknown becomes known, there is no longer any superstition. Education has the potential to change superstitious beliefs. It enhances thinking abilities and intellect. People who are educated are less prone to be superstitious, and they may educate others about it too.

Now the question is can education eradicate superstition? It is only possible when human beings gain complete knowledge of everything, then education is able to eradicate superstition. For the present, education does reduce a lot of superstitious beliefs around the world.

Writing

a. Write an essay on superstitions that exists in your community in about 250 words.

Superstitions in My Community

Superstitions are as old as man. The earliest men who had no scientific knowledge fell on easy prey to superstition. Thus, illiteracy and lack of knowledge and capacity to reason out are the hotbeds which generate and perpetuate superstition.

Mahatma Buddha was probably the first great man to expound and explain the value and significance of reason which eliminated superstition altogether. He emphasized that everything should be thoroughly studied, judged and tested before being believed. Later, many other great men like Guru Nanak and Kabir exhorted the people to shun superstitions.

Many people may believe that faith is also a form of superstition. But, as we can see if we think deeply, there is a difference. Faith is a positive factor whereas superstition is a negative factor.

Earlier, superstition was rampant in villages. The belief in ghosts was common. It was believed that these ghosts operated at night and that they were visible to some people and invisible to others. Taking advantage of this many clever men burned into tan tricks and controllers of ghosts. They cheated the gullible villagers. Unfortunately, even at present, such clever men are at work.

There are many kinds of superstitions which are observed by common people. The throbbing of eyes, a cat crossing our way, coming across a Brahmin-all these are believed to be inauspicious. The cawing of a crow indicated the possibility of a guest visiting our house that day. Similarly, if we come across a sweeper early in the morning, it is considered to be auspicious.

We should try to develop a scientific spirit of mind and judge everything on the basis of reason.

b. “Superstition is prevalent in every walk of life.” Argue for or against this statement.

Yes it is true that superstition is prevalent in every walk of life. The man started to believe in superstitions when he got a feeling that humans are at the mercy of natural elements. Similarly, some superstitions were also created because of social values. As a result, people worship forces of nature for a long time.

The Greeks and Pagans used to worship elements of nature in the form of Gods and Goddesses. Same is the case with Nepalese tradition. People continue to worship the sun, moon, stars, planets, plants and more believing these things have the power to influence our lives. You might have heard ‘it is because of the impact of some evil star’ and more when a disease overtakes or disaster strikes. Even the people in the West have been believing in them. You will find instances in Shakespeare’s plays where he includes things like omens, witches and more.

In fact, ever since a long time till date, people still consider the number 13 to be unlucky. Similarly, salt spilling over the dinner table is also an ill-omen. In Nepal, people consider the black cat crossing the way to be unlucky. Similar is the case of an owl hooting or a dog wailing.

If we look at it closely, there is no logic as such behind the beliefs in superstitions. However, they have grown age-old and despite all the scientific advancement, they are not going anywhere soon and hence they are prevalent in every walk of life.

Grammar

B. Put the verb into the correct form, present simple or present continuous.

a. Nisha speaks (speak) English very well.

b. Hurry up! We are waiting (wait) for you.

c. Excuse me! Do you speak (you/speak) English?

d. She is having (have) a shower in bathroom.

e. How often do you read (you/read) a newspaper?

f. I’m sorry, I don’t understand (not/understand). Can you speak more slowly?

g. You can turn off the radio. I am not listening (not/listen) to it.

h. I usually get up (get up) at 5 o’clock every morning.

i. Look! The river is flowing (flow) very fast.

j. Amrita does not seem (not/seem) very happy at the moment.

C. Are the underlined verbs in the correct form? Correct them where necessary.

a. Water boils at 100° C.

Water boils at 100° C.

b. The water boils. Can you turn it off?

The water is boiling. Can you turn it off?

c. I must go now. It gets late.

I must go now. It is geting late.

d. This sauce’s tasting really good.

This sauce tastes really good.

e. I’m thinking this is your key.

I think this is your key.

f. Are you believing in God?

Do you believe in God?

g. I usually go to school on foot.

I usually go to school on foot.

h. Look! That man tries to open the door of her car.

Look! That man is trying to open the door of her car.

i. The moon is going round the earth.

The moon goes round the earth.

j. I’m getting hungry. Let’s go and eat.

I’m getting hungry. Let’s go and eat.

Democracy and Human Rights Exercise : Question Answers and Grammar

Full exercise of Nelson Mandela’s 1994 Inauguration Speech | Language Development | Class 11 English Notes SBN ONLINE SCHOOL

Democracy And Human Rights

Ways with words

A. Find the words in the text that mean the same as the following. The first letters are given.

a. the system that completely separated black people from white people (apartheid)

b. formal objection (protest)

c. an ethnical group of people (tribe)

d. an act undertaken to achieve a set goal (campaign)

e. the formal beginning of any movement (inauguration)

f. a strong feeling of excitement and happiness (exhilaration)

g. being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions (emancipation)

B. Find these words in a dictionary and write their meanings as they are used in the text.

a. liberty

the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one’s way of life, behaviour, or political views.

b. conflict

a serious disagreement or argument, typically a protracted one.

c. ideology

a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.

d. oppression

prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or exercise of authority.

e. privilege

a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group.

f. dignity

the state or quality of being worthy of honour or respect.

g. surrender

stop resisting to an enemy or opponent and submit to their authority.

h. reconciliation

the restoration of friendly relations.

C. The ‘d’ or ‘ed’ in the following verbs have different pronunciation. Put these verbs in the correct box.

[asked, killed, missed, ended, decided, washed, visited, lasted, watched, picked, smiled, fixed, walked, blessed, brushed, stopped, wanted, reached, laughed, enjoyed]

/t/

asked, missed, washed, watched, picked, fixed, walked, blessed (v), brushed, stopped, reached, laughed

/d/

killed, smiled

/ɪd/

ended, decided, visited, lasted, blessed (adj), wanted, enjoyed

D. Put these nouns into the correct box according to the pronunciation of the plural suffix: s/es.

[cats, dogs, horses, houses, books, roofs, boys, rooms, girls, noises, shops, trees, pages, babies, benches, classes]

/s/

cats, books, roofs, shops

/z/

dogs, boys, rooms, girls, trees,

/ɪz/

horses, houses, noises, pages, babies, benches, classes

Comprehension

Answer these questions.

a. What were the restrictions imposed on the Blacks in South Africa?

The restrictions imposed on the Blacks in South Africa were Racial segregation, and political and economic discrimination.

b. Why was Mandela arrested?

Mandela was arrested because he was charged with organizing an armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC).

c. How did he describe racism and racial oppression?

He described racism and racial oppression as the pernicious ideology and practice.

d. Why did he thank all the international guests?

He thanked all the international guests for coming to take possession about peace and justice with the people of his country.

e. Why did he think that people in his country had achieved political emancipation?

He thought that people in his country had achieved political emancipation to liberate themselves from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender and other discrimination.

f. What is the main point of Mandela’s speech?

The main point of Mandela’s speech is that people of South Africa should build a society where there will be justice, peace and equality for all peoples.

Critical thinking

a. What does Mandela mean when he says – a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world?

When Mandela says – a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world he means that South Africans should build a society where both black and white will be able to walk, talk with each other without any fear. We know that rainbow is the combination of seven different colors. So by saying a rainbow nation he is trying to convey us a message that whenever all the peoples unite as like the colors in the rainbow then only there will be peace.

In South Africans cultures, the rainbow symbolizes hope and bright future. South Africa is referred to a Rainbow Nation to describe the unity of various cultural, racial or ethnic groups in the country. During the segregation period, peoples were divided on the basis of skin color. Mandela wants them to live and work together in unity like the colors in a rainbow. He wished they could forget the ferocious and brutal past and put their hand in hand with each other and maintain a peaceful nation.

b. Mandela should have avenged those who imprisoned him for such a long period. Instead, he followed the path of reconciliation. Why do you think he did so?

If Mandela has avenged those ho had prisoned him then he won’t be able to reach his destination. Mandela led his country wisely and promoted national reconciliation. He was a man of true words. He fought for his own people for a long period and was also imprisoned when he raised his voice against the authorities. However, after coming out of jail he did not avenge those who had put him in trouble. Because he believed that avenge and enmity cause disorder among people and by doing so he would lose the support of the majority.

c. Why and how have societies struggled with segregation in the world? Do you find any evidence of segregation in your society? Discuss.

Segregation is the separation or isolation of a race, class, or ethnic group by enforced or voluntary residence in a restricted area, by barriers to social intercourse or separate educational facilities or by other discriminatory means. Many people of the world are struggling with social separation problem in the world.Racial segregation is one of many types of segregation, which can range from deliberate and systematic persecution through more subtle types of discrimination to self-imposed separation. Cast segregation is one of the most common forms of segregation in the Hindu culture. Any types of segregation can lead to chaos and voilence.

Yes I have found the evidneces of segregation in my society. Although, the Nepalese Constitution Law doesn’t allow any segregation in terms of religion, caste and ethnicity but still it is prevalent in our society. However, since the unification of Nepal in the 18th century, Nepal’s various non-Hindu ethnic nationalities and tribes, previously called “Matwalis” (alcohol-drinkers) and now termed as “Adivasi/Janajati” (indigenous/nationalities), have been incorporated within the caste hierarchy to varying degrees of success. Despite the forceful integration by the state into the pan-Hindu social structure, the traditionally non-Hindu groups and tribes do not necessarily adhere to the customs and practices of the caste segregation.

Writing

a. Nepal has topsy-turvy political history. Many changes have been observed in different times. Write a short biography of any Nepali freedom fighter incorporating the changes brought under his/her leadership.

Ganesh Man Singh

Ganesh Man Singh was born on November 9, 1915 and was commander of the popular 1990 Janaandolan. Singh was also one of the main leaders of the Nepali Congress movement of 1951, which overthrew the Rana regime. More than anything else, Ganesh Man was a rebel and a freedom fighter. He was a popular hero and his exploits are legendary. He was a man of small proportions but charismatic, fearless, and physically very strong. He was never afraid of taking risks in his political career. He was a straightforward and frank leader in dealing with all.

Ganesh Man was a rare breed amongst Nepali politicians—a man of integrity. He demonstrated his greatness through his leadership, rising above petty personal interests. Recognising his outstanding contribution to the field of democracy and human rights, Ganesh Man was honored by the United Nations with the ‘Human Rights Award’ in 1993. He was the first statesman from South Asia to receive this prestigious award. He also received the ‘United States Peace Run Prize’ in 1990 for his contribution to peace in Nepal and the world. He was also decorated with the ‘U Thant Peace Award’. He has become immortalised as a great leader that the nation and its citizens, without any political barriers, feel proud of. No other national leader has been able to fill the political vacuum after his death.

Grammar

B. Complete the sentences with should or shouldn’t. Use one of these verbs.

[drink, visit, leave, roam, quit]

a. You have really done a wonderful job. I recommend you shouldn’t leave it.

b. That’s a very dangerous area. Tourists shouldn’t visit there.

c. I’m going to be late. Do you think I should leave now?

d. Children shouldn’t drink sugary drinks. It’s not very healthy.

e. I have lots of homework. I shouldn’t roam here and there today.

C. Put in had better or should.

a. I think you should learn English to enroll a university course.

b. It’s a great film. You should go and see it.

c. I have to meet my friend in ten minutes. I had better go now or I’ll be late.

d. These biscuits are delicious. You should try one.

e. We had better get to the airport by 2 pm or else we may miss the flight.

f. When people are driving, they should keep their eyes on the road.

g. I should get up early tomorrow. I’ve got a lot to do.

Home Life and Family Relationship Exercise : Question Answers and Grammar

Full exercise of The Tattered Blanket | Language Development | Class 11 English Notes SBN ONLINE SCHOOL

Home Life And Family Relationship

Ways with words

A. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate words.

a. All my efforts to convince her for the tour were futile.

b. The lost traveller huddled up under a shelter made of branches and leaves.

c. Her rude behaviour was the main cause of irritation for him.

d. She moved awkwardly in the room, thinking that I was watching.

e. She is mumbling something, but I can’t hear her.

f. When I met my sister after a long time, she talked to me in a feeble voice.

B. Tick (√) the correct words that are similar in meaning to the underlined words.

a. Rupa studied Science reluctantly due to her father’s pressure.

ii. unwillingly

b. She moved her fingers exasperatedly through her hair.

iv. annoyingly

c. My grandmother is over eighty. She lifted her hands feebly.

iii. weakly

d. She is wearing a tattered shawl.

ii. torn

e. I have to work at two jobs to make ends meet in this expensive city.

iv. earn just enough money

D. Syllable

c. Consult an English dictionary and find the number of syllables in the following words.

bury : bur-y

2 syllables

development : de-vel-op-ment

4 syllables

syllabic : syl-lab-ic

3 syllables

Vowel : vow-el

2 syllables

education : ed-u-ca-tion

4 syllables

discipline : dis-ci-pline

3 syllables

examination : ex-am-i-na-tion

5 syllables

children : chil-dren

2 syllables

separately : sep-a-rate-ly

4 syllables

pronunciation : pro-nun-cia-tion

5 syllables

Comprehension

Answer the following questions.

a. Why didn’t the mother recognise her son Gopi?

The mother didn’t recognize her son Gopi because she was eighty years old and lost her memory.

b. Why is the sister living with her mother?

The sister is living with her mother because she is a widow and there is nobody to take care of her mother.

c. What is the sister’s attitude towards her brother?

She is serious towards her brother’s behaviour.

d. Does the son love his mother very much? How do you know that?

Yes, the son love his mother very much. He shows his love by bending down and bringing his face close to his mother’s wrinkled cheeks.

e. What does the mother actually need: a blanket or the warmth of her son’s love?

The mother actually needs the warmth of her son’s love. Here, the blanket symbolizes love and care.

f. What does the phrase ‘the tattered blanket’ mean? Is it only the blanket that is tattered?

The phrase ‘the tattered blanket’ means the hurted feelings of his mother.

g. The son says, ‘Amma can’t remember who I am’. Do you think that he remembered his mother? Why didn’t he answer when his sister asked, ‘Do you remember your Amma?’

He didn’t answer her question because he can’t do so as it had been a year since he wrote to his mother and more than five years since he saw her.

Critical thinking

a. What can be the expectations of the parents from their offspring at the old age?

Every human is different. Often times what one desires the other does not even see fit. Our parents are also one among the same crowd, like us. There must be some expectations they have from their children, our work is to understand and fulfill them.

When people get old, they get sensitive and even the slightest of things hurt them. Same goes for the elderly parent. They have lived a full life, worked, earned respect, and fulfilled their responsibilities. So when they are old, they want us not to forget this and treat them with dignity and respect.

After retirement the elderly people do not find purpose and meaning in their day, most of the time they do not have routine. So most of them stay usually alone at home. Often times we hear them complain that no one spends time with them, they miss company, they have nothing to do, no one to talk to, etc.

Your father was the one taking care of everything before he retired, your mother was so busy all her life looking after her family and now because they are old they have near to nothing to do during their day. They want their children to involve them in conversations, decisions or any other big and small thing.

These were just some common things that the elderly parents miss and want from you or want their children to know. But again every person and their wants are different, so we do the things according to our parent’s desire.

b. Some children who live in a distance tend to be indifferent to the feelings of their parents. Why do you think they are like that? Discuss.

There are various reasons for children to live in a distance from their parents. The reason may be study, job, business and so on. For achieving their goal and fulfilling their self desires, they have to invest more time and efforts and hence their realtion with parents becomes weaker due to of their busy schedule. When children live in a distance, they gradually keep away relation from their parents. Finally, it creates a gap or distance between parents and their children. In todays world childrens think that money and success are more important than the parents’ feelings. They do hard work for earning and saving but not making the parents happy.

Some children begin a new life with their family far from their parents. Their wife and children become more important than their old-age parents. That is why they have no time to call them and visit their parents. This indifference not only degrades the relationship between the parents and their children but also makes the parents live a lonely and miserable life.

c. A mother’s love is everlasting and indispensable. Justify.

There is nothing that can come close to the love that a mother feels for her children. Women are inherently good mothers. Till birth women carry their young and then continue their love & affection throughout their childhood and even into adulthood. Every Mother always makes sure that their children are safe and happy throughout their childhood. It is the love for their child that a mother feels that drives these feelings.

After birth, a child finds his mom as the first friend who plays with him along with extra care and nourishment. Without any expectation, a mother keeps on working for the betterment of her child. She plays all roles including mom like a mentor, a teacher, a friend, a caretaker. When a child born; it is the mother who easily understands the feelings or requirements of her child. She spends every second around her child for fulfilling his all needs. Since childhood, our mother keeps telling us what is wrong and what is right in a manner to build us as a good human being and also encourage us to do good things in life.

We as a child always take our mother for granted but without her our life becomes worthless. Mother is a precious gift by God which we need to keep with love and care. She does her job of motherhood with a pure heart and complete devotion. The first teacher is a mother for any child and if he keeps learning life’s lessons under her guidance nothing can stop him in achieving the heights of success.

Grammar

B. Complete the following sentences with however, although or in spite of.

a. In spite of, the fact that he is an octogenarian; he still leads an active life.

b. I still enjoyed the week although, the weather was bad.

c. He has passed MA. However, he hasn’t got a job.

d. Although, I had a headache, I enjoyed the movie.

e. Ramila didn’t get the job, in spite of, the fact that she had all the necessary qualifications.

f. In spite of, the fact that he had no money, he bought the car anyway.

g. We can go to the park for lunch although, the weather report says it’s going to rain.

h. However, I speak English well, my first language is actually Maithili.

C. Combine the following sentences using the words given in brackets.

a. He was annoyed. He didn’t say anything. (although)

Although he was annoyed, he didn’t say anything.

b. Playing the stock market is exciting. It can be risky. (however)

Playing the stock market is exciting, however, it can be risky.

c. He works slowly. He never makes a mistake. (even though)

Even though he works slowly, he never makes a mistake.

d. It was raining. We still went to the park. (in spite of)

In spite of rain, we still went to the park.

e. Hark bought the watch. It was expensive. (despite)

Despite being expensive, Hark bought the watch.

f. He is very poor. He wears expensive clothes. (but)

He is very poor but wears expensive clothes.

D. Rewrite the following sentences using (a) although and (b) in spite of.

a. He had very little time, but he offered to help us.

– Although he had very little time, he offered to help us.

– In spite of having very little time, he offered to help us.

b. She is very poor, but she still wears expensive clothes.

– Although she is very poor, she still wears expensive clothes.

– In spite of being very poor, she still wears expensive clothes.

c. He’s a millionaire, but he lives in a very small flat.

– Although he’s a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat.

– In spite of being a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat.

d. They have a lot of money, but they are still not happy.

– Although they have a lot of money, they are still not happy.

– In spite of having a lot of money, they are still not happy.

e. The traffic was heavy, but we got there in time.

– Although the traffic was heavy, we got there in time.

– In spite of the heavy traffic, we got there in time.

Arts and Creations Exercise : Question Answers and Grammar

Full exercise of Why is the Renaissance Important? | Language Development | Class 11 English Notes SBN ONLINE SCHOOL

Arts And Creations

Ways with words

A. Circle the correct meanings of the underlined words.

a. Martin Luther started a revolt against the conventions of the Roman Catholic Church.

creations

b. It blended classical styles with new ideas.

mixed together

c. The dome marks the beginning of Renaissance architecture.

serves as a sign of

d. The arts flourished during the Renaissance.

grew and improved

e. The new passion for learning also led to amazing discoveries in science.

enthusiasm

C. What do the following idioms mean? Use them in sensible sentences.

a. a hot potato : a controversial situation

The racial discrimination issue is a political hot potato.

b. once in a blue moon : not very often or rarely

Dad is working in Japan and he visits home once in a blue moon.

c. a bed of roses : easy or comfortable situation or activity

It’s to be remembered that life is not a bed of roses.

d. when pigs fly : used to say that something will never happen

He plans to clean his house every week, but he will probably do it only when pigs fly.

e. miss the boat : miss an opportunity

If you don’t buy now, you may find that you’ve missed the boat.

f. zip your lip : shut up

She zipped her lip at the meeting yesterday, as it was pointless saying anything.

g. fight tooth and nail : to fight with great ferocity

I want this job so I’m going to fight tooth and nail for it.

h. when life gives you lemon, make lemonade : change something negative into a positive

My grandfather lost his job due to the coronavirus, but he decided to keep busy and active. He says, “When life gives you lemons, make lemonade.”

i. goose egg : a score of zero

We had a good game, but the score was goose egg.

D. Match the following phrasal verbs with their meanings.

a. break down : to stop functioning

b. check out : to leave a hotel

c. fed up : tired of something or someone

d. fill out : to complete a form

e. get away : to escape

f. give away : to give something to someone for free

g. give up : to quit a habit

h. look forward to : to wait anxiously for something or an event

i. make up : to invent a story or lie

j. pass away : to die

k. put out : to extinguish

l. take off : to remove clothes or shoes from the body, to depart as in airplane

Comprehension

A. Answer these questions.

a. What does the word Renaissance mean? Which language is it derived from?

The word Renaissance means ‘rebirth’. It is derived from French word ‘renaitre’.

b. What did the Greek scholars do in their new locations after leaving the Greek city?

After leaving the Greek city, Greek scholars taught Greek and shared their precious books in their new locations.

c. How did ‘new learning’ teach people to think in different ways?

‘New Learning’ taught people to think in different ways by encouraging them to paint pictures, make statues, buildings and write great literatures.

d. Describe the artistic developments of Renaissance in brief.

The artistic developments of the Renaissance first happened in Florence; then they spread to other Italian cities. Trade and banking made people living in cities like Florence, Venice and Milam rich. They spent their money and time to enjoy music, art and poetry. Greatest artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphel, Filipo, Brunelleshchi, Shakespeare, and Cervantes produced their master pieces. William Shakespeare became one of the greatest literary figure at that time.

e. Name the three Renaissance scientists who made great discoveries?

Name of the three Renaissance scientists are Galileo Galilei, Nicolas Copernicus and Sir Isaac Newton.

f. Who developed the printing press? Which country was he from?

Johannes Gutenberg developed the printing press. He was from Germany.

g. Why is the development of the printing press considered as one of the gifts of Renaissance?

Before development of the printing press, books were hand written and expensive. The development of the printing press is considered as one of the gifts of Renaissance because it helped writers to publish their books at low price.

h. Name the five famous explorers of the Renaissance?

The five famous explorers of the Renaissance were Christopher Columbus, Vasco de Gama, John Cabot, Ferdinand Magellan and Sir Francis Drake.

i. Why do some people think of the Renaissance as the beginning of modern history?

The Renaissance brought revolution in art, architecture, literature, culture, navigation, science etc. That is why people think thank that the Renaissance is the beginning of modern history.

B. What do you infer from the reading? Tick (√) the best answer.

a. Before the Renaissance…

education was limited to scholars and privileged

b. Which statement is true?

The Greeks had a strong influence on Renaissance thinking

c. What did the Renaissance do?

It caused people to make changes in their lives

d. What were the major causes of the Renaissance?

printing, reading and learning

Critical Thinking

a. Do you agree with Machiavelli’s view that a good leader can do bad and dishonest things in order to preserve his power and protect his government? Explain.

Yes I agree with Machiavelli’s view that a good leader can do bad and dishonest things in order to preserve his power and protect his government. Machiavelli was a politician and writer. Machiavelli reveals several facts that how a good leader can turn into immoral and evil. He says that in order to maintain power and protect nation or territory, a leader makes a number of mistakes.

It’s the duty of a leader to protect his government. So he can go beyond the rules and perform dishonest things to preserve his power. But the leaders whose goal is the pursuit of power, unlimited wealth, or the fame that accompanies success often appear self-centered. This desire is so strong that the leaders violate the moral standards that once governed their conduct. Many leaders reach the top by imposing their will on others, or even destroying those who stand in their way. When they reach the top, they may suspect that others are trying to knock them off their base and hence perform some out of the rules things to protect their leadership.

b. Do you think that art and literature are important assets of a country? Give reasons.

Art and literature are the foundation of life. It places an emphasis on many topics from human tragedies to tales of the ever-popular search for love. While it is physically written in words, these words come alive in the imagination of the mind, and its ability to comprehend the complexity or simplicity of the text.

Art and literature serves the people, and help them in their struggle for a better life, by arousing the people’s emotions against oppression and injustice and increasing their sensitivity regarding the people’s sufferings. Our country is facing the tremendous challenge of abolishing poverty, unemployment, inflation, ignorance, casteism, communalism, and other social evils, and hence artists and writers must join the ranks of those who are struggling for a better Nepal, they must inspire the people by their writings, and write against oppression and injustice. Thus we can say that art and literature are important assets of a country.

Writing

a. Write an essay on “Literature is the reflection of society.”

Literature is the Reflection of Society

Since the dawn of man, the art of storytelling was utilized to pass on critically deemed information about society, life, and everything. During the early days, much of our history was transposed orally through song and spoken word. Literature, like many art forms, is expressionism. It’s taking a thought and converting it into a tangible object that can be interpreted by others.

Many authors have been represented social, political, ecological, historical, scientific phenomenon in their works. All our glorious past has secured in the literary pages so that today’s generation gain knowledge about the myth of The Ramayana, The Mahabharata, The Old Testament and The Bible, etc. it is only possible by the literary sources that present generation know who were our forefathers and how human came into existence.

Thus, society creates literature because all traditions, customs, religious stories reflect through the literary works, but the excellence and natural surroundings of the reflection hinge on a writer’s approach of mind, whether he is enlightened in his outlook or conservative. That’s why literature is the mirror of society because it stuffed with all human emotions and activities including good and bad and social and political happenings.

b. It is said that today’s reader is tomorrow’s leader. Do you agree with this statement? Explain.

Yes, I agree with the statement that today’s reader is tomorrow’s leader. Undoubtedly, reading is essential for all-round development of the personality. Reading is an essential basic skills building activity. One’s language fluency is determined by the quality of reading. Besides, vocabulary enrichment, ideas collection, familiarization with different types of writing formats, speaking fluency, etc, all depend upon reading.

It is true a person who has the reading habit, never feels lonely and bored. The books open up a magical world for him or her and he lives among angels in the pages of the books. Books never let go the readers astray. They make them wise and pragmatic. We must endeavour to develop this fabulous habit of reading.

Thus, one thing is absolutely clear, if we want to become great leaders in future, we must be great readers in the present.

c. Write a short biography of a national literary, artistic or historical figure you appreciate most.

Bhanubhakta Acharya

The first Nepali poet who also translated the great epic ‘Ramayana’ from Sanskrit to Nepali, Bhanubhakta Acharya was born on 29 Ashar, 1814 in Tanahu district of Nepal. Acharya was born to a Brahmin family and received excellent education with a strong leaning towards religion from his grandfather at home. He is honored with the title Adikabi for the contributions he has made in the field of poetry and Nepali literature and every year, his birthday is celebrated as a festival of Bhanujayanti (13 July) by conducting various programs, usually academics and poem recitation.

He wrote two masterpieces in his life among which, one is the Bhanubhaktey Ramayan and the other is a letter he wrote in verse form to the Prime Minister while he was in prison. He was made a scapegoat and sent to prison due to some misunderstanding in signing the papers. His letter became one of his great works. He not only won his freedom with his poem but was also given a bag of money. When he died in 1868, he did not know he would one day be one of the most revered poets of Nepal. His creation, however, was not published and he died without receiving credit for his contribution. His works were published by Motiram Bhatta in 1887. Although he is one of the most celebrated and revered poets of Nepal, his works are not as famous as other poets in the history of Nepali literature.

Grammar

B. Complete the following sentences with correct relative pronouns and write whether the clauses are defining or non-defining.

a. That’s the house where I was born.

b. My aunt Nita, whoa journalist, is coming to visit next week.

c. People wholike outdoor activities will love our holidays.

d. The early 1960s, when the Beatles first started, was a very exciting time in pop culture.

e. My essay on Shakespeare, which I found quite difficult, got a really good mark in the end.

f. The Mayans, who lived in Central America, built many stunning temples.

g. That’s the girl whose brother is in your class.

h. The snake that was in the garden last week belongs to our next-door neighbor.

C. Join the following pairs of sentences with an appropriate relative clauses.

a. He is a musician. His albums have sold millions.

He is a musician whose albums have sold millions.

b. Amelia speaks English and Chines fluently. She is from Shanghai.

Amelia who is from Shanghai speaks English and Chines fluently.

c. That’s the stadium. Real Madrid plays there.

That’s the stadium where Real Madrid plays there.

d. Dublin is my favourite city. It is the capital of Ireland.

Dublin is my favourite city which is the capital of Ireland.

e. The person was really helpful. They spoke to him.

The person to whom they spoke was really helpful.

f. This smartphone takes great photos. I bought it last week.

This smartphone takes great photos whioch I bought it last week.

Fantasy Exercise : Question Answers and Grammar

Full exercise of Down the Rabbit Hole | Language Development | Class 11 English Notes SBN ONLINE SCHOOL

Fantasy

Ways with words

A. Find the meanings of the following words and phrases from a dictionary and make sentences by using them.

a. peep into : to get a quick look into something

He peeped into the box and saw that his wife had gotten him a new watch.

b. pop down : to go somewhere quickly

I’ll try to pop down tomorrow evening after dinner.

c. remarkable : unusual, surprising, excellent or worthy of notice

She has made remarkable progress.

d. hedge : a row of bushes or small trees planted close together along the edge of a garden, field or road

Buying a house is the best hedge against inflation.

e. wonder : desire to know something

I wonder what the world is doing now.

f. tumble : to fall quickly without control

He took a tumble in the hay with the farmers’ daughter.

g. doze off : to sleep, especially during the day

He was just beginning to doze off when the telephone rang.

h. earnestly : seriously

Even when I studied most earnestly it seemed more like play than work.

i. tiny : very small

He made a tiny hole in the paper.

j. creep : to move slowly, quietly and carefully in order to avoid being heard or noticed

She crept toward the edge of the roof and looked over.

B. Match the words below with their opposites.

a. beginning = ending

b. stupid = clever

c. natural = artificial

d. disappointment = happiness

e. ignorant = educated

f. anxiously = calmly

Comprehension

A. Answer these questions.

a. What did Alice do while her sister was reading a book?

Alice felt asleep while her sister was reading a book.

b. Why did Alice run across the field after the Rabbit?

Alice ran across the field after the Rabbit because of her curiosity to know about the rabbit which she had never seen before.

c. Why didn’t she like to drop the jar? What did she do with it?

She didn’t like to drop the jar because she was afraid of killing somebody underneath. She put it onto one of the cupboards.

d. What idea came to her mind when she saw a tiny golden key?

When she saw a tiny golden key, the idea of opening one of the doors of the hall came to her mind.

e. What was written on the bottle that she found? Did she follow what it said?

“DRINK ME” was written on the bottle that she found. Yes, she followed what it said.

f. Alice was fond of pretending to be two people. Who were they?

They were Alice and herself.

g. Why did she want to eat the cake that she found?

She wanted to eat the cake that she found because it may make her grow bigger.

B. Put these sentences in the right order as they happen in the story.

f. Alice saw a White Rabbit and ran after him.

c. Alice fell down a rabbit hole.

b. Alice found a small key and unblocked a very small door.

d. Alice drank something from a bottle and got very small door.

e. Alice tried to climb a table leg to get the key again.

a. Alice ate a small cake, which said “EAT ME”

Critical thinking

a. “Down the rabbit hole” is a sort of writing called fantasy. On the basis of your reading of the story point out some special elements of this kind of writing?

The word fantasy refers to an illusion or an imaginative idea. The fantastic, a related word, also describes something that is imaginary and unrealistic. As its name suggests, the literary genre of fantasy refers to stories filled with imaginary and unrealistic elements.

Events in a fantasy operate outside the laws of the real universe and typically involve supernatural elements, like magic or magical creatures. Unlike science fiction, which is generally set in the future, fantasy is commonly set in the past. Fantasy stories often contain elements of medieval life, such as castles, knights, kings, magical swords, and references to ancient spells. Characters in fantasy stories often live in a pre-industrial setting with limited technology, other than the advantages of magical power.

The basic elements of fantasy have existed for centuries, and fantasy has roots in ancient myths, legends, and fairy tales. The course toward modern fantasy, however, began in the Victorian era when writers began developing their own distinct fantastical worlds, rather than building on established cultural tradition.

b. Is it good to imagine of things which are not possible to achieve in reality? Explain.

Imagination is the ability to form mental images of things, ideas or stimulation with no input from the five senses. It’s your imagination that allows you to fantasize or dream of something you want that is not in your reality yet.

Most poeple use their imagination to build pictures of a better lifestyle or what they want to hace in life and to predict something positive or negative that may happen. As we practice deliberately using our imagination, it will enhance our creative abilities, which means we will have better thoughts about our life. It helps to develop visions of what is possible, which means it will give clearer picture of our needs and the life we want to live. It will build up more self-confidence and improve our health and wellness by reducing stress. It helps to cut through mental clutter and noise.

Using imagination makes it possible to experience reality in a world inside our mind. A well-developed imagination will make us a powerful creator and allow us to shape the future that we want. Hence it is good to imagine of things which are not possible to achieve in reality.

c. Do you talk to yourself when you are in a trouble? If yes, how does it help you?

Yes I talk to myself when I am in a trouble. I talk to myself everyday! I don’t know exactly since how long I have been doing that but all past years that I recall I admit I have done it. And guess what! I love to.

It helps me in many ways. I have so much to tell myself and maybe things that I wouldn’t say to anyone. Nobody understands me better than myself. I can just say anything and everything and not be judged! I think self-talk is good as it doesn’t require any effort unlike maintaining diaries etc. Self-talk happens mostly when I’m thinking through ideas, when debating decisions, or when I need of a pep talk. I feel better doing self-talk as it gives me feel of presence of someone around me. It helps me to make decisions more easily and motivate me to do things I may be putting off. To sum up, I do self-talk to work through extreme emotions – including anger, sadness, confusion and stress – and to sort out personal conundrums.

Writing

b. Describe a strange dream that you have seen recently.

I was 10 when this happened. One night, when I had gone to bed, I saw a dream. In a dream I woke up to hear a noise and looked to my open bedroom door, where I saw a dark figure staring at me with red eyes. Thinking that it was my mother, I had called out to her multiple times, each time getting louder and louder. By the third time I called out to her, her red eyes did not move and I was getting frantic, screaming out to my mom and hiding beneath my covers.

Come to find out my mother was in the living room fast asleep and had woken up from my calls, running into my room. When I looked at her, the black figure had gone and I have not seen it since. But I guess I had always been afraid after that of what might be watching me or threatening to harm me at any given moment. I know that was a demon it was too dark and felt too evil.

Grammar

B. Express your wishes in the following situations in three different ways. Use I wish/If only…….

a. You don’t have a mobile phone (You need one).

– I wish I talked to my father about it.

– I wish I could buy one myself.

– I wish somebody would gift me one.

b. You don’t know the answer of a question from the lesson.

– I wish my frend told me the answer.

– I wish my teacher would help me.

– I wish I could read the lesson properly.

c. You can’t play the guitar.

– I wish I brought a guitar lesson book.

– I wish someone would teach me guitar chords.

– I wish I could go to the guitar expert’s.

d. It’s cold.

– I wish I drank hot water.

– I wish my mother would burn some firewood.

– I wish I could stay inside the house.

e. You are feeling sick.

– I wish I were healthy.

– I wish somebody would call a doctor.

– I wish I could go to hospital.

f. You live in a crowded city.

– I wish I lived in the country.

– I wish the city would be peaceful.

– I wish I could spend a couple of weeks far from the city.

g. You feel lonely.

– I wish I listened to my favourite music.

– I wish my friend would phone me.

– I wish I could do the household works.

C. Rewrite the following sentences making correction if necessary.

a. I wish my father bought me a bike.

I wish my father bought me a bike.

b. I wish I would write poems.

I wish I could write poems.

c. I wish I could remember her name.

I wish I could remember her name.

d. I wish I had a god job.

I wish I had a god job.

e. I wish I would be rich.

I wish I were rich.

Career and Entrepreneurship Exercise : Question Answers and Grammar

Full exercise of Mahabir Pun: A Visionary Social Entrepreneur | Language Development | Class 11 English Notes SBN ONLINE SCHOOL

Career And Entrepreneurship

Ways with words

A. Find the words from the text which mean the following. The first letter has been given.

a. making you feel physically relaxed; pleasant to wear, sit on, etc. (comfortable)

b. having a degree from the university (graduated)

c. without being connected with or influenced by something or by each other (independently)

d. the introduction of new things, ideas or ways of doing something (innovation)

e. familiar with something, having read, seen or experienced it (acquainted)

f. a person who makes money by starting or running businesses, especially when this involves taking financial risks (entrepreneur)

g. an opportunity or a place for somebody to express their opinions publicly or make progress in a particular area (platform)

h. to use something, especially for a practical purpose (utilize)

B.Write the plural forms of the following nouns.

a. calf : calves

b. basis : bases

c. sheaf : sheaves

d. cactus : cacti / cactuses

e. louse : lice

f. crisis : crises

g. person : people / persons

h. formula : formulas

i. ox: oxen

j. fungus : fungi

k. goose : geese

l. oasis : oases

m. analysis : analyses

n. curriculum : curricula

o. appendix : appendixes

p. fungus : fungi

Comprehension

a. How did Mahabir Pun begin his lifelong journey in Nepal after coming back to Nepal from the US?

Mahabir Pun began his lifelong journey by staying in his home village, Nangi of Myagdi district to help villagers start a high school as a volunteer teacher after coming back to Nepal from the US.

b. Why didn’t he want to work for other companies in the US or in Nepal?

He didn’t want to work for other companies in the US or in Nepal to have “so called” better living, work independently and do something on his own for the benefits of human beings.

c. Why did he involve in innovation?

He involved in innovation to find solution for a problem.

d. What are the income-generating programmes that he helped to start?

The income-generating programmes that he helped to start are Yak farming, camping ground for the trekkers, cheese making, jam making, paper making, bee keeping, vegetable farming, handicraft making, fish farming etc.

e. Whose support is Pun getting to proceed with his campaign?

Pun is getting the support of communities to proceed with his campaign.

f. How have the developed countries become prosperous?

The developed countries have become prosperous because they have given research and innovation topmost priority and they are investing huge amount of money for it.

g. How can we keep the most talented and innovative people in Nepal?

We can keep the most talented and innovative people in Nepal by creating sound solid atmosphere and support system so that they could work here peacefully.

Critical thinking

a. Pun says, “We do not have culture of innovation that encourages young people to be innovative and creative”. Do you agree with him? Explain.

An innovation culture is part of the corporate culture and determines how much innovation is supported and promoted by management and employees. The culture of innovation is therefore the framework for every innovation activity. If the culture is not positive, it can hinder innovation, even if the idea and the innovation team are still perfect. It is thus a decisive factor in the success of innovation.

Our country Nepal is said to be a developing country but development process is very slow here. Our education system is still based on paper and classrooms, and it hasn’t changed much over the years. There is no opportunities for young people who are likely to do something new since we do not have culture of encouraging them. Innovative and creative thinking are not encouraged in our educational system. Every year, thousands of students leave the country in pursuit of a higher education because of this. A research-based education is usually given the highest emphasis in industrialised nations. To do this, they invest a great deal of money and effort. Our culture discourages young people from taking risks, therefore there are no possibilities for them in Nepal.

b. What qualities does an individual need to become an entrepreneur?

Entrepreneurs are innovative pioneers who venture opportunities and create new market at home and aboard. Becoming an entrepreneur requires more than just a creative idea. All entrepreneurs share commonalities in their attributes, abilities and qualities that empower them to beat the chances and pursue their objectives.

Successful entrepreneurs need to see success. Many of the top businessmen around have seen a product and the associated success that could possibly come with it. If he/she don’t plan extensively about their new idea or concept, without thinking ahead, they might encounter unforeseen difficulties with management or cashflow. Perseverance is a key in becoming a full-time entrepreneur. A true entrepreneur will be able to prevent the feeling of being burnt out, if they know what their goals are, and if they love the task of always having to meet deadlines. Discipline is also the key in this field, as an entrepreneur must work hard in order to achieve.

Entrepreneurs also need to manage their time properly. There’s no point in spending a whole day over a task, when in reality it will be cheaper and more effective to hire someone to help you with a certain task, thus enabling you to produce more profit. A successful entrepreneur must have an air or a grace about him that will demand respect from other individuals.

Successful entrepreneurs are never secure in their field, although this may be the same with other bog-standard jobs, however the rewards that can be obtained from having the mentioned attributes can be really substantial. By working hard and never giving up, an individual is bound to become a successful entrepreneur.

Grammar

E. Use the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.

a. I don’t know where Muna is. Have you seen (you/see) her?

b. Janak wasn’t (not/be) very well last week.

c. Last night I lost (lose) my keys. So I stayed in my friend’s home.

d. I have lost (lose) my keys. Can you help me look for them?

e. I have known (know) Jamuna for three years. We still meet once a month.

f. She lived (live) in Sikkim when she was a child.

A: What’s wrong?

B: I have broken (break) a glass.

A: When did you arrive (you/arrive)?

B: At 10 pm last night.

i. How long have you known (you/know) Sarmila for?

j. This is the first time I have driven (drive) a car.

F. Use been or gone.

a. I’ve never been to Japan.

b. Kalpana has gone to Korea. She may come back next year.

A: Where’s Rachana?

B: She has gone to the shops.

d. Harina was here earlier but I think she has gone now.

e. Have you ever been to London?

Power and Politics Exercise : Question Answers and Grammar

Full exercise of Napoleon Bonaparte | Language Development | Class 11 English Notes SBN ONLINE SCHOOL

Power And Politics

Ways with words

A. Choose the correct meaning of the underlined word.

a. Many portraits of Napoleon show him with his right hand placed inside his coat.

sketch

b. Napoleon won one victory after another, defeating the Austrians in eighteen battles.

beating

c. Portrait painters thought this pose made men look more dignified.

good-looking

d. They announced France a republic.

officially declared

e. Napoleon conquered Austria in 1805.

triumphed over

f. There was no place to house his soldiers in the bitter Russian winter.

Cold

g. Napoleon was humiliated when he was defeated.

shamed

B. Guess the meanings to these words from the text and make sentences of your own.

1. violent : causing hurt

The love that is too violent will not last long.

2. execute : kill somebody as a legal punishment

He was captured and executed for murder.

3. ancient : very old

The pyramids were built in ancient times.

4. alliance : a union between people, groups, countries, etc.

The two parties were still too much apart to form an alliance.

5. brilliant : very intelligent or skillful

Brilliant students are favourite of teachers.

6. genius : very great and rare natural ability or skill

You don’t have to be a genius to see that this plan will never work.

7. consul : an official chosen by a government to live in a foreign city

The Consul spoke slowly and with great gravity.

8. invading : to enter a place in order to take control by military force

During the Second World War the island was invaded by the Axis powers.

Comprehension

Answer these questions.

a. Where was Napoleon from?

Napoleon was from France.

b. Why did poor and middle-class people declare France a republic?

Poor and middle-class people declared France a republic because they were tired of paying heavy taxes for the luxurious life of the king and his nobles.

c. When did Napoleon declare himself emperor of France?

Napoleon declared himself emperor of France in 1804.

d. What did he do when he ruled France?

When he ruled France, he restored and reorganized the French government and the Bank of France, built beautiful cities with wide streets, fine bridges, and beautiful buildings and monuments, such as the Arc de Triomphe.

e. Which countries did he rule when he was the emperor?

He ruled Italy, Switzerland, and Germany when he was the emperor.

f. What was the main cause of his destruction?

Invasion of Russia was the main cause of his destruction.

g. How did his rule as emperor end in Europe?

His rule as emperor ended in Europe after the Europeans gathered their armies against him.

h. How could Napoleon have been an even greater ruler?

Napoleon could have been an even greater ruler if he had not been driven by his love of power.

Critical thinking

a. What can be the qualities of a great leader? Can a great leader remain in power for long in a country? Discuss.

Leadership refers to the quality of leading people. Probably, it is one of the most important aspects of life. Above all, Leadership by a good leader has led to the progress of human civilization. Without a good leader, no organization or group can succeed. Furthermore, not everyone has this quality. This is because effective Leadership requires certain important characteristics.

First of all, confidence is the most quality. A leader must have strong self-confidence. A person lacking in confidence can never be a good leader. A person must be confident enough to ensure others follow him. A good leader must certainly inspire others. A leader must be a role model for his followers. Furthermore, he must motivate them whenever possible. Also, in difficult situations, a leader must not lose hope. Honesty is another notable quality of a leader. Honesty and Integrity are important to earn the love of followers. Probably, every Leadership which loses trust is bound to fail. People will not work with full effort due to an immoral leader. Another important quality is good communication and decision making. Above all, if a leader makes poor communications and poor decisions then other qualities will not matter. Furthermore, good decision making ensures the success of the entire group. If the leader makes poor decisions, then the efforts of followers won’t matter.

In conclusion, a good leader must be an excellent innovator. He must display a creative attitude in his work. Most noteworthy, innovation is a guarantee of survival of a group or innovation. Without creative thinking, progress is not possible.

If a leader is good, capable and have all the above traits then he/she can easily remain in power for long in a country.

b. The 16th president of the USA, Abraham Lincoln said democracy is government of the people for the people and by the people. Do you think it is perfectly applicable in the present context of Nepal? Explain.

The literal meaning of `democracy’ is `rule by the people’, or, in other words, a political system in which ultimate authority is shared equally by all members of the community. In Nepal as elsewhere such a system is widely endorsed as a desirable state of affairs but there is no precise, shared understanding of what it implies in practice. In Nepal, even more than in most other places, there is also a sense of deep disillusionment with what a system describing itself as democratic has actually achieved.

The political system presented by Abraham Lincoln does not apply to Nepal, as corruption had paralyzed constitutional and government agencies. The Constitution guarantees the idea of collective decision-making that includes all people equally, but it does not actually apply. Democratic norms and values depend on the proper functioning of constitutional and state institutions. But it has been crippled by a group of certain people. The role of bureaucrats is important to keep the administration running smoothly so that development strategies can be easily implemented. However, corrupt bureaucracy does not do its job without bribes and is endorsed by political leaders. Nepalese people have never experienced a responsible, accountable government. State institutions are victims of nepotism and discrimination. Thus, in a country like Nepal, institutionalizing democracy is more difficult. To strengthen the principles of democracy, all constitutional agencies, government agencies and citizens must be responsible.

Writing

a. Write an essay on Power and Politics in about 500 words.

Power and Politics

Power is usually defined as the ability to influence people’s behavior by getting people to do what the person wants. Politically, having the ability to influence people is a huge responsibility. Being a leader means having the abilities to not only convince people, but also to inspire them and influence their decision by making them see the sense that the person with power is acting in their best interest. Therefore, political power is about not only persuasion, but also manipulation. Politics is the act of persuasion, acquisition, and exercise of political power.

Political power shapes and control people’s attitude towards the leader and the governing system. The leader guides the behavior of his followers in a direction he desires to achieve the common political objectives. Occupying a political position means having the power and the ability to effect the desired change of behavior of other people involved through persuasion or manipulation. For example, if an individual has the political power over the other person, the degree in which a leader can motivate, incite, inspire, stimulate, and makes other people modify their political behavior. This process is termed as having the political power.

Illegitimate political power implies exercising powers that violate the existing rules; these may include sabotage, protests, and whistle blowing. Extreme illegitimate forms of political power pose a risk of loss of membership. Since most political organization is made up of individuals with different values and interest, this presents the potential for conflict over resources. A leader in power uses his position to attain group goals. However, power is applied in different forms. Coercive power is based on fear. Coercive power includes sanctions, restrictions, and control by force.

Power plays an important role in politics because its consequences can yield positive or negative results. Power in politics is a two-way relationship depending on how people interact based on the resources or values they hold or are in control of. Conflict arises due to pressure to achieve specific goals that might not be realistic. That is why leaders manipulate his followers to serve their needs at the expense of others. In a democratic system, use of power should not involve force; instead of obtaining power should be more of influence that is known as soft power.

b. Write a couple of paragraphs about a national hero who fought bravely in the Anglo-Nepal War.

Balbhadra Kunwar Chhetri

Balbhadra Kunwar Chhetri (30 January 1789 – 13 March 1823) was a Nepalese military commander and administrator in the Kingdom of Nepal. He is one of the National heroes of Nepal. He was highly praised for his military skill for the defence of the Nalapani fort in the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816). He was Captain in the Nepalese military and was tasked as commander to protect the forts of Dehradun.

As commander of the Gorkhali forces in Dheradun, Capt. Balbhadra Kunwar was handed the responsibility of defending the area. The expanding Nepali/Gorkhali State had since the mid-late 18th century expanded the nation’s border on all sides, which eventually led to conflict with the British East India Company and a war followed. Realizing he could not defend the town of Dehradun, Capt. Balbhadra Kunwar withdrew to the strategic hill fort of Khalanga with an army strength of 600 including women and children against the British East India Company British stronghold of 3000–3500 troops. He turned down an incentive proposal of the British who would make him Governor of the Western Garhwal should he surrender or leave Nepal.

Grammar

B. Fill in the blanks with may, must or can’t.

a. Matthew must be at home. I can see his bike in front of his home.

b. They may be coming tomorrow.

c. She can’t speak French very well. She’s only lived in Paris for two weeks.

d. My key is not in my pocket or on my desk so it must be in the drawer.

e. I saw him yesterday. He can’t be abroad.

f. You got the job? That’s great. You must be very delighted.

g. I may finish it by tomorrow if I stay at work all night, but I’m not sure.

h. Somebody is knocking on the door. It must be Sabina – she promised to come today.

C. Rewrite the following sentences using may/might, must or can’t.

a. I’m sure he’s not going to the cinema today.

Ans: He can’t be going to the cinema today.

b. Perhaps she knows the answer.

Ans: She may know the answer.

c. I’m sure he has a car.

Ans: He must have a car.

d. I doubt if it rains later on.

Ans: It may rain later on.

e. Perhaps she wants to be alone.

Ans: She may want to be alone.

f. I’m sure Harina is in her office.

Ans: Harina must be in her office.

War and Peace Exercise : Question Answers and Grammar

Full exercise of Shall there Be Peace? | Language Development | Class 11 English Notes SBN ONLINE SCHOOL

War And Peace

Ways with words

A. Match the words on the left side with their meanings on the right.

a. proclaim – declare

b. unswerving – steady or constant

c. magnanimous – generous or forgiving

d. trample – crush

e. tremendous – huge

f. inevitable – unavoidable

g. dire – dreadful

h. anguish – distress

i. impending – upcoming

j. ruthless – pitiless

B. Fill in the blanks with the suitable word from the list given.

[appalling, sanguine, slaughter, absurdity, futility, reluctance, bestir]

a. The soldiers suffer appalling injuries during the attack.

b. She is sanguine about prospects for the economic development of the country.

c. Innocent people get unexpected slaughter in the war.

d. The crowd laughed at the absurdity of the singer’s behaviour.

e. The intellectuals should be worried about the horror and futility of war.

f. He sensed her reluctance to continue the work.

g. They bestir themselves at the first light of morning.

Comprehension

Answer these questions.

a. Why was the Italian Socialist Mergari treated like a madman?

The Italian Socialist Mergari was treated like a madman because he had spoken a few natural, human words.

b. Can political aims be attained by the criminal instrumentality of war? If yes, how?

Yes, political aims can be attained by the criminal instrumentality of wars. This happens as statesmen can inculcate the sense of nationalism in people’s mind so deeply that that they are ready to die for the nation.

c. Which hopes and plans were said to be mutually contradictory?

A new massacre of inconceivable scope was said to be mutually contradictory hopes and plans.

d. What can be the sacred duty of every man of good will on earth?

The sacred duty of every man of good will on earth is not to sheathe themselves in indifference and let things take their course, but to do their utmost to prevent the final catastrophe.

e. Is it good to tacitly accept war as an instrument of politics? If not, what else should be done?

It is not good to tacitly accept war as an instrument of politics. we can stop the war if we want to in earnest.

f. How can we stop war in the world?

We can stop war in the world by not being too lazy, too easygoing, too cowardly as we are. Instead of approving or tolearting the war, we should stop the misguided machines rolling on!

g. What is the main message of this essay?

The main message of this essay is that peace is inevitable and war can only be stopped with mankind’s serious efforts and people should promote peace, friendship and brotherhood in the world instead of hatred and war.

Critical thinking

a. Are warmongers the greatest enemies for peace? What do you want to suggest to them?

A warmonger is someone who instigates war, or advocates war over peaceful solutions. Yes, warmongers are the greatest enemies for peace because they are constantly promoting war. They are very agile and uproarious. They generally need to attack or assault another country.

Warmongers are someone who create the war. So, they are regarded as greatest enemies for peace. However, not all conflicts are conceived with nefarious motives. Some of the battles that have occurred throughout history have been fought for the restoration of peace and security, as well as the elimination of violence. As a result, blaming warmongers of being the biggest opponents of peace will be illogical. Those whose only goal is to do damage to the general population and create an imbalance are, without a question, an obstacle to the preservation of peace.

I want to suggest them that they should be aware of what they are doing. From my perspective, the only thing they should do is to think about humanity and put an end to conflicts that cost the lives of so many innocent people.

b. The Nobel Prize winner American novelist John steinbeck 1920 1968 on said “all war is a symptom of man’s failure as a thinking animal.” Do you agree with the novelist? Why?

It is absolutely true all war is a symptom of man’s failure as a thinking animal. War is the worst thing in the world; it gives benefits to none; it causes immense loss of human life and resources to all. Both the winning country as well as the losing country incur heavy casualties and losses.

Wars can never end conflicts, they complicate them further. World War 1 and World War 2 are the two ugliest scars on the face of mankind. They wreaked so much havoc that its precedent is impossible to find since the beginning of evolution. Wars are futile and outcome of man’s ignorance and anger. The people of the world must learn a lesson from these two holocausts.

All the wars that were fought in the history of mankind taught man the horrible lessons of its futility. The most heinous and horrible war in the entire history of mankind is the Second World War. The dates August 6, 1945, and August 9, 1945 are written indelibly on the pages of history with blood of thousands of people who died a painful death in the nuclear bomb attacks in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Hiroshima bomb killed approximately 1,40,000 people instantaneously; Nagasaki underwent almost the same nightmare.

Seeing the enormity of death and destruction, the entire world condemned the use of nuclear bombs. Even those who were in favour of its use in war, felt remorseful. The most frightening aspect related to nuclear bombs is, the world is full of them. Bombs many times more potent than the ones used in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, are lying ready in the arsenals of many country. The world is in a precarious position. When will man become wiser? May be soon!

In conclusion it can be said that wars are symbolic of savage backwardness. Civilized people resolve their conflicts through peaceful dialogue at the discussion table. So, if a war happens, it means human thinking has failed.

c. Does any war end all wars and bring lasting peace to the world? Discuss.

War is a state of conflict between different societies or countries. The general cause of war is the difference in opinions. Although in some cases, a war to end wars might help attain the peace that peace comes at a price, which is a loss of life and property. The World War 1 and 2 have already caused huge irrecoverable damage.

War is not the only way to bring peace. There are many alternative ways such as negotiating to terms which are reasonable for both the countries and hence resolving the problem. There shall always be a win-win situation. Some terms shall be accepted by one party and some by the others.

We might be divided by religion, sex, color and the boundaries between our countries but we all belong to the human race. One should treat the other like a brother and help each other out. There will be differences for sure, which should be sorted out in a peaceful manner.

Take a look at our two World Wars. They have proved that wars cause major suffering and in fact, the only reason that World War I ended was that most of the countries involved were exhausted and fed up, and begged their leaders for a ceasefire to be called. Wars would be endless if it was not for humanity’s own limits.

In my opinion, war will never be able to bring true, long-lasting peace. Nations will be hit emotionally and economically. So saying that any war end all wars is not the way to create peace. War is neither a solution or option to bring peace.

d. Why do you think countries go to war?

A war is typically fought by a country or group of countries against an opposing country or group with the aim of achieving an objective through the use of force. There is rarely one single, clear cause of conflict and, ultimately, war. The causes of a war are usually numerous and can often be intertwined in a complicated way. Some of the major causes of war are as follows:

1. Economic Gain

Often wars are caused by one country’s wish to take control of another country’s wealth. Whatever the other reasons for a war may be, there is almost always an economic motive underlying most conflicts, even if the stated aim of the war is presented to the public as something more noble.

2. Territorial Gain

A country might decide that it needs more land, either for living space, agricultural use, or other purposes. These are conflicts that are fought indirectly between opposing powers in a third country. Each power supports the side which best suits their logistical, military, and economic interests.

3. Religion

Religious conflicts often have very deep roots. They can lie dormant for decades, only to re-emerge in a flash at a later date. Religious wars can often be tied to other reasons for conflict, such as nationalism or revenge for a perceived historical slight in the past.

4. Nationalism

Nationalism in this context essentially means attempting to prove that your country is superior to another by violent subjugation. This often takes the form of an invasion.

5. Revenge

Seeking to punish, redress a grievance, or simply strike back for a perceived slight can often be a factor in the waging of war. Revenge also relates to nationalism, as the people of a country which has been wronged are motivated to fight back by pride and spirit.

Writing

Write essays in about 500 words on the following topics.

a. War and peace

War and Peace

There is a typical saying that war is never ever good, peace is never ever bad. However, if we recall right into the background of the human race, it will be transparent that there have been war since prehistoric times. Although attempts have actually been made to eliminate it, success has not been achieved up until now. Hence, infinite peace seems to be beyond our reach.

Some people neglect that war always brings damage on a mass scale. They forget Mahatma Gandhi’s teaching of non-violence, adhering to which he freed his motherland from the shackles of enslavement. They forget that if Gandhi might oust the effective Britishers by dint of non-violence, why not others adhere to the exact same footprint.

War are essential evils as well as their scaries are a lot of and of such magnitude that they can not be explained in words. We have to not neglect the horrors of both world war. In the war, there was mass-killing and destruction of building. Thousands were made orphans and widows. War brings disgust and also spreads out fallacy. People become ruthless as well as egocentric. As result humanity as well as principles experience.

War are not the option to the problems. Instead, they create troubles and produce disgust amongst nations. war can decide one problem yet gives birth to way too many. Hiroshima as well as Nagasaki are the best terrible faces of the effect of war. Also after 60 years, individuals are dealing with the anguishes of war. Whatever be the reason for war, it always causes the damage of life and building at large.

On the whole, the war has always been the greatest blot on mankind. It was developed by the man himself today it is past the control of all human pressures. Now it calls for retrospection for the entire mankind to study it for the sake of mankind, or else, absolutely nothing will remain neither war nor humanity.

b. Responsive youths for peace and prosperity

Responsive Youths for Peace and Prosperity

Youth plays vital role in everything, everywhere. Diversity exists everywhere in this world and it should be accepted to create a balanced and peaceful society. Thus, for each and every country, youth is very important factor in creating a harmony. Youth contributes innovative ideas and they are fresh and young blood who can accomplish entire plan with their passion and hard work.

Youth must play an active role in creating and promoting peace, tolerance, co-existence, and non-extremist environment. They must address all types of conflicts and issues in a constructive way that encourages reconciliation and conflict resolution. The youth can be the agent of a change by changing their attitude and perspective towards the world. At the national level, the youth can be the community leaders of their respective communities and can initiate various projects to educate the people of rural areas. They can join various non-government organisations working for peace, tolerance, and harmony. In this way, youth ambassadors of all the communities may form link with one another and this will enhance the acceptability and adaptability level among them.

Youth need to educate the western world about Islam and Muslim world about western world. In this way, rigidity, extremism, fanaticism, sectarianism and all such factors, differences and misconceptions hampering the way of peace will be removed. At the national level, youth must understand their socio-economic problems and they must know how to tackle them peacefully. Likewise, on the international level, our youth must be trained to cope with evils like racism, terrorism, prejudice and ethnocentrism. In this way, youth can be responsible for balanced, prosperous and peaceful society.

Grammar

B. Divide the following sentences into different parts.

a. The children are playing now.

subject + verb + adverbial (adjunct)

b. Srijana will be reading a story.

subject + verb + object

c. Bimala is a very beautiful girl.

subject + verb (be) + complement

d. She usually wears glasses.

subject + adverbial + verb + object

e. They elected him President.

subject + verb + object + complement

f. Rabin is laughing.

subject + verb (be)

g. He has a big house in Butwal.

subject + complement + adverbial

h. The man who lives next door is a professor.

subject + complement

i. Her uncle has been living in Kathmandu for fifteen years.

subject + verb + adverbial + adverbial

j. The girl with long hair asked me a question last week.

subject + verb + object (indirect) + object(direct) + adverbial

Critical Thinking Exercise : Question Answers and Grammar

Full exercise of What is the Soul? | Language Development | Class 11 English Notes SBN ONLINE SCHOOL

Critical Thinking

Ways with words

A. The words in the crossword puzzle are from the text. Find them from the text to solve the puzzle based on the meaning clues given below.

1. unquestionable, impossible to doubt

indubitable

2. never done or known before

unprecedented

3. emergence or origination

emanation

4. obviously or clearly

evidently

5. impossible to achieve or overcome

insuperable

6. moved with a violent, irregular action

agitated

7. appropriate or suitable

apt

8. force back

repel

9. conservative

orthodox

10. up to now

hitherto

B. Find the words from the text that mean the following.

a. misleading or illusionary (deceptive)

b. in a natural state; not yet processed or refined (crude)

c. a mystical horse like animal with a single straight horn projecting from its forehead (unicorn)

d. never dying or decaying (immortal)

e. come to an end; stop (cease)

f. to activate or put into motion (actuate)

Comprehension

Answer these questions.

a. What’s the difference between the body and the soul?

The body exists in time and space whereas the soul exists in time only. In simple words, body is visible entity where as soul is not visible.

b. What do you understand by the psychologists’ saying that there is no such thing as mind?

Psychologists believe that there is no existence of mind as they study mental processes and human behaviors by observing, interpreting, and recording how people relate to one another and the environment.

c. How can a mental activity be reduced to a physical activity?

Mental activity can be reduced to a physical activity by saying mind is just an emation of body which is really an elaborate scientific construction.

d. How are mind and body related?

Mind and body are related as they are merely convenient ways of collecting and organizing events inside a man’s head into two groups according to causal relations.

e. What is the relation between mind and memory? Does memory survive a person’s death?

Memory is the most essential characteristic of mind. No, memory doesn’t survive a person’s death because it is connected with certain kind of brain structure which decays at death. Thus, memory also dies.

f. How is our power on the earth’s surface entirely dependent upon the sun?

Our power on the earth’s surface is entirely dependent upon the sun as it warms our seas, regulates our weather patterns, and gives energy to the growing green plants that provide the food and oxygen for life on Earth.

Critical Thinking

a. Do you believe that soul really exists? Write your arguments in support of your answer.

I believe that souls do exist.

Have you ever imagined about your own death? Have you ever thought that what happens after the incident that the world calls death? Could you ever convince yourself that your existence on this planet earth would be finished once you die?

I couldn’t ever convince myself with the fact that I’ll be finished once I die. Death would cause the degradation of my physical body but it’s just unimaginable that I will too get over once the death occurs. This “I” is nothing but the soul.

I know that the science that we’re familiar with hasn’t proved the existence of souls yet. But we shouldn’t be hopeless. The boundary of science is expanding day by day. Even the fans and lights that we use everyday were once unimaginable but we know that today they exist. There are new fields added to science everyday. Some of the fields that have tried to progress in this topic are metaphysics, para psychology etc.

As far as the ancient science is concerned, it had proved the existence of soul long ago. It also developed methods by which one can experience one’s soul. But anyways, I hope that there would be a day when the modern science will too prove the existence of soul.

b. If you want to change your body, you first have to change your mind. Discuss.

I support the statement that “If you want to change your body, you first have to change your mind.” Psychologists say our “self talk” or “internal dialogue” can make or break a fitness routine.

The problem is that many people simply aren’t aware of how destructive their thoughts are. The thing that precedes our behavior is a thought, and we sometimes aren’t good at getting in touch with our thoughts. Let me take my fitness example. The first step in charting the right course to fitness is to recognize how my thoughts are undermining my exercise plans. The second step is to challenge the negative thinking – and there’s certainly no shortage of that when it comes to exercise.

It can be tough for beginners to master the skills necessary to adhere to an exercise plan, but give it time. If I could stick it out for six months, it starts to become a part of who I am versus what I do. Plus, I’ll probably see some positive results that can motivate me to keep at it. Among them: better muscle tone, feeling stronger and more fit, weight loss, improved mood and better sleep.

Writing

Write critically on the given topics.

a. The existence of God

The existence of God is foundational to the study of theology. The Bible does not seek to prove God’s existence, but rather takes it for granted. Scripture expresses a strong doctrine of natural revelation: the existence and attributes of God are evident from the creation itself, even though sinful human beings suppress and distort their natural knowledge of God. The dominant question in the Old and New Testaments is not whether God is, but rather who God is. Philosophers both Christian and non-Christian have offered a wide range of arguments for God’s existence, and the discipline of natural theology (what can be known or proven about God from nature alone) is flourishing today.

Some philosophers, however, have proposed that belief in God is rationally justified even without theistic arguments or evidences. Meanwhile, professing atheists have offered arguments against God’s existence; the most popular is the argument from evil, which contends that the existence and extent of evil in the world gives us good reason not to believe in God. In response, Christian thinkers have developed various theodicies, which seek to explain why God is morally justified in permitting the evils we observe.

If theology is the study of God and his works, then the existence of God is as foundational to theology as the existence of rocks is to geology. Two basic questions have been raised regarding belief in God’s existence: (1) Is it true? (2) Is it rationally justified (and if so, on what grounds)? The second is distinct from the first because a belief can be true without being rationally justified (e.g., someone might irrationally believe that he’ll die on a Thursday, a belief that turns out by chance to be true). Philosophers have grappled with both questions for millennia. In this essay, we will consider what the Bible says in answer to these questions, before sampling the answers of some influential Christian thinkers.

Grammar

A. Rewrite the following sentences using ‘used to’. You can make an affirmative/ negative statement or a question.

a. I/live in a flat when I was a child.

I used to live in a flat when I was a child.

b. She/love eating chocolate but now she hates it.

She used to love eating chocolate but now she hates it.

c. He/go to fishing in the summer?

Did he use to go fishing in the summer?

d. My sister/play tennis when she was at school.

My sister used to play tennis when she was at school.

e. He/play football every weekend?

Did he use to play football every weekend?

f. My grandfather/speak five languages.

My grandfather used to speak five languages.

g. I/not hate school from the beginning.

I did not use to hate school from the beginning.

h. You/live in Kathmandu?

Did you use to live in Kathmandu?

i. He/play Dandibiyo when he was a small child.

He used to play Dandibiyo when he was a small child.

j. She/wear a frock when she was small but nowadays she wears jeans.

She used to wear a frock when she was small but nowadays she wears jeans.

B. Write a short paragraph describing your past habits.

For five years, I lived with my uncle. I used to begin my regular tasks in the mornings at my uncle’s home. Despite having a full-time job at home, I used to strive for first place in my class. My instructors utilised locally accessible materials to make their lessons successful, despite the fact that my school lacked enough resources. They’d cheer us up in class by being nice. Project work was assigned by our English instructor. It proved to be very beneficial to our academic endeavours.

Globalisation and Diaspora Exercise : Question Answers and Grammar

Globalisation And Diaspora

Ways with words

A. Choose the words for the following meanings.

a. the severely damaging or destructive effects of something

ravage

b. someone forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

refugee

c. to face a difficult situation

confront

d. take a position of power or importance illegally or by force

usurp

e. the process of becoming a part of a group, country, society, etc.

assimilation

f. an area within a larger territory whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct

enclave

C. Fill in the gaps with the correct word from the brackets.

a. I asked him if he was attending the ceremony and he shook his head ‘no’. (shook/moved/ nodded)

b. They made a horrible decision which caused irreparable damage to our company. (hopeless/inflexible/irreparable)

c. The leaders need to break down barriers so as to create favorable environment in the nation. (barriers/obstacles/hindrances)

d. You ought to talk to the manager to settle the dispute. (solve/settle/clear up)

e. Perhaps this issue will not get much media coverage. (security/examination/ coverage)

f. This week is the first week of Joan as an in-charge. Everything is running smoothly. (smoothly/calmly/easily)

g. I haven’t read the text thoroughly, but given a quick glance. (fast/quick/rapid)

Comprehension

Answer the following questions.

a. Why did millions of Palestinians leave their country?

Millions of Palestinians left their country because their country had denied basic human rights to find a better life and better economic opportunities.

b. How is the global culture formed? Is cultural identity possible even in the global culture? Justify.

The global culture is formed by the youthful generations who have grown up in the midst of massive technological advancements.

Yes, cultural identity is possible even in the global culture. Social media, street journalism, and global transnational businesses all play a role in catalysing new global culture formation processes. Globalization fosters cultural identity by creating a feeling of belonging. People are becoming increasingly worried about the uniqueness and particularity of their own culture in the current age of globalisation. Thus, even in a global society, cultural identity is conceivable.

c. Why can moving from one side of the world to the other be an economic challenge for newcomers?

Moving from one side of the world to the other can be an economic challenge for newcomers because integration process needs time; starting from learning the language, integrating culturally, integration into the labour market.

d. How can immigrants foster economy at different magnitudes of scale in their new homes?

Immigrants can foster economy at different magnitudes of scale in their new homes by starting their own companies or businesses.

e. Can immigrants fully integrate in the new societies? Give reasons.

No, immigrants can’t fully integrate in the new societies because the society does not open its doors fully to allow them to integrate.

f. Mention any two benefits of integrating into a new society for the immigrants.

– Migrants will have equal learning, engagement, and self-esteem possibilities.

– The receiving nations can improve their economic prospects by integrating immigrants.

g. Why should the immigrants run in concordance with global culture?

The immigrants should run in concordance with global culture because the cost of isolation and non-convergence is higher and more damaging than integration.

Critical Thinking

a. Do you think that the local is globalized and the global is localized? Can there be the global culture as well? Give examples.

Globalization is the process of increasing local businesses around the world whereas Localization is the adaptation of a resource or product to fit the demands of one specific culture or locale. I think local is globalized because local products, media, culture are now accessible all over the world. Similarly, the global is also localized because local people can benefit from the global product and the local culture. There can be a global culture among local peoples that is a by-product of globalization. People can feel world culture in different fields like education, sports, music, food, fashion, language, etc. Thus I think that local is globalized and the global is localized.

Yes there can be the global culture as well. Some examples are listed below:

1. Creating a more homogenous world.

2. Attempt to promote a Western lifestyle and possibly Americanize the world.

3. Trend that will eventually make all of human experience and customs the same since all cultures are coming together into one.

b. What is globalization? Discuss the effects of globalization on traditional cultures.

Globalization can be defined as the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of peoples and countries. It is generally understood to include two inter-related elements: the opening of international borders to increasingly fast flows of goods, services, finance, people and ideas; and the changes in institutions and policies at national and international levels that facilitate or promote such flows.

A nation’s culture changes with economic development. One key fact is that people leave villages and agriculture for cities. This itself changes culture – agricultural festivals decline. In Nepal, there used to be bullock cart – but then tractors came in. People used to write letters – and then the phone came. When texting rose with smartphones, voice calls declined, and new cultural etiquette came up. When electricity came in, evening life changed. When air-conditioning came in, people stopped sitting on their stoops. When families had one TV, the family (and neighbors) sat around it. Now, everyone has their own screen.

So, the answer is that technology, economic development and foreign cultures do change local behavior – but core elements of the culture may remain. So, we cannot say that globalization changes everything. But, some changes are inevitable.

c. Discuss the impacts of globalization on the process and progress of education in Nepal.

Globalization of Education is the integration and application of similar education systems and knowledge throughout the world across the borders, improving the quality & deployment of education worldwide. The impacts of globalization on the process and progress of education in Nepal are as follows:

1. Globalization has improved the quality of education in Nepal. Due to globalization, Nepal got the opportunity to witness the best education systems worldwide and thus could replicate it.

2. New methods of learning such as e-learning, blended learning was quickly adopted by due to globalization.

3. Due to globalization, foreign universities were established in Nepal. These universities helped many students in getting a high-quality education. Moreover, foreign investments in the education sector also helped in improving the facilities and infrastructure.

4. Education should develop empathy and understanding in students. Globalization has enabled students to develop an understanding of other cultures, which is like a practical education.

5. Globalization made many people aware of human rights and the loopholes in the governance.

Thus, Globalization has helped Nepal in improving it’s education systems and literacy rate. However, not everyone could benefit from the impact of globalization on education. Education inequalities must be bridged between Rich-poor & urban-rural areas so that everyone can utilize the opportunities created by globalization.

Writing

Write a news story to be published in a newspaper about a local festival/fair you have witnessed.

Dashain – Then and Now

KATHMANDU, OCTOBER 26

Time brings change, and while that is mostly good and perhaps the only way forward, we wish something would remain the same.

Dashain seems to evoke that sentiment.

There was a time when Dashain was a highly anticipated festival, and while the fun is still there, the vibe isn’t the same. The memories of Dashain were more heart warming than how we celebrate the festival today.

Dashain holidays were all about meeting cousins, playing games and eating a lot of meat. While we still do that, the charm and excitement have largely been lost because it’s not a new thing for today’s generation.

Today it’s more of responsibility than fun.

Before, eating rice and meat was a very big thing for the poor and used to happen only during the time of Dashain.

We used to fly kites and try to cut the threads of those from our neighbourhood. We would run after the kites as they gently fell on the ground The first signs of Dashain were the kites appearing in the sky. Kite flying and also playing on the swings were the most important and fun activities of this festival.

While we were kids, we used to sit in the lap of the elders on a large swing as we were scared. But now we can clearly see the change. It is no longer a big deal to have food on the table and we rarely see kites flying in the sky or the swings swaying in the fields.

We used to get new clothes once in a year during the time of Dashain, but now we buy clothes every month. There is now no difference between the normal days and Dashain. Before Dashin created memories, but now it’s more like capturing the moments. Dashain is more for the photos. It’s not a bad thing, but only giving priority to photos to show off and not enjoy the moment is not good .

Before, so much value was given to blessings bestowed to us by our elders, but today children are only interested in the money that is given as gifts. It’s not that today’s generation has completely forgotten the importance of Dashain. But slowly, but surely the charm of the biggest Hindu festival is waning. The vibes and that feel are going down.

Lastly, change comes with time, and we should move accordingly, but we should never forgot our identity, our traditions and festivals, which create great memories.

Grammar

B. Complete each sentence using what/how/where/whether + one of these verbs:

a. Do you know how to get to Rama’s house?

b. I don’t know whether to apply for the job or not.

c. Have you decided where to go for your picnic?

d. Can you show me how to use this camera?

e. Ask Hari. He’ll tell you how to ride a bicycle.

f. I was really astonished. I didn’t know how to ride on the horse.

C. Paraphrase the following sentences using the verb in brackets as in the example.

a. Mahesh forgets to close the windows. (tend)

Mahesh tends to forget closing the windows

b. Your car has broken down. (appear)

Your car appears to have broken down.

c. Ashika is worried about her exam. (seem)

Ashika seems to be worried about her exam.

d. They have developed the theory. (claim)

They claim to have developed the theory.

e. He’s enjoying his new job. (pretend)

He pretends to be enjoying his new job.

Immigration and Identity Exercise : Question Answers and Grammar

Full exercise of Identity Crisis in Immigrants (book review) | Language Development | Class 11 English Notes SBN ONLINE SCHOOL

Immigration And Identity

Ways with words

A. Words from the text to solve the crossword puzzle:

Across

2. as is certain to happen – inevitably

4. famous and respected – eminent

6. a temporary stay – sojourn

7. knowing everything – omniscient

Down

1. the state of being preoccupied – preoccupation

3. anxious or fearful that something bad will happen – apprehensive

5. a person of mixed white and black ancestry – mulatto

B. Find the meanings of the following words in a dictionary as they are used in the text.

a. melancholy

a deep feeling of sadness that lasts for a long time and often cannot be explained

b. elusive

difficult to find, define or achieve

c. motif

a subject, an idea that is developed in a work of literature

d. disdain

the feeling that somebody is not good enough to deserve your respect or attention

e. fabricate

to produce something false to decieve someone

f. intoxicate

to cause somebody to lose control of their behaviour or their physical and mental abilities

g. resentment

a feeling of anger or unhappiness about something that you think is unfair Homophones

D. Choose the right word to fill in the blanks.

a. Can you bury the box in the back garden? (bury/berry)

b. Alex could not break the branch off the tree. (break/brake)

c. Whose pencil is on the floor? (Who’s/Whose)

d. We have got very few (phew/few) tasks left.

e. Some tribes worship their gods before they prey. (prey/pray)

f. Damn it. Everything is messed up. (Dam /Damn)

g. What a wonderful lesson the professor presented. (lesson/lessen)

Comprehension

Answer these questions.

a. How is Willie Chandran different from the rest of his family?

Willie Chandran is different from the rest of his family as he is insecure about himself and his own identity.

b. Who is the main character of Half A Life? How is he described?

Willie Chandran is the main character of Half A Life. He was born in India to a Brahmin father and a poor mother 40-some years ago. His middle name comes from the name of an English writer called Somerest Maugham.

c. Why does Willie leave India?

Willie leaves India because he had no identity in India being born as a child of a high caste father and a low caste mother. He is hateful to his father and manages to get a scholarship to a college in London.

d. What is the revelation that Willie begin to feel in college and in London?

Willie begin to feel that he is secure and free unlike in India where racial discrimination plays a vital role. There he could remake himself, his past and his ancestry.

e. Why does Willie accompany Ana?

Willie accompanies Ana because she has a kind of high status in her colonial world and he can also find a complete acceptance there.

f. What is the central issue Naipal has raised in the novel?

In the novel Naipal has raised an issue of identity crisis regarding ethnicity and culture.

Critical Thinking

a. What kind of divided identity is depicted in the novel ‘Half a Life’? How do characters in the novel try to create new identities for themselves? Explain.

According to the review of the novel ‘Half A Life’, there are three characters having mixed racial or divided identities. They are Willie, Ana and a big light eyed man. Willie, the central character of the novel has divided identity because of his birth from a Brahmin father and a low caste mother. Because of racial discrimination that prevails in India, Willie feels unsecure and loss of identity. He is unhappy in India and to find his freedom and identity he migrates to London. Ana is another character having same kind of divided identity. She belongs to a mixed African identity (part Portuguese and part African) similar to the identity of Willie. Willie and Ana like each other. Ana has also come in London in search of her identity but later after meeting Willie, she feels that she may have a high status in her Portuguese African country even to be a second rank Portuguese than mimicking other’s behavior to hide her past. Willie also follows her to her home country in a hope of a complete acceptance there. But he also feels there lack of identity. He sees the plight of an illegitimate man illegally born out of and African mother and a Portuguese landowner father. Such people are abused by Portuguese people because of the same of their birth.

b. Discuss the similaries between the author and the protagonist in the noivel?

Surprisingly, there is a startling amount of parallelism between Willie Chandran and the Nobel Prize-winning author V.S. Naipaul. Naipul is of Indian descent and was born in the country of Trinidad in 1932. He left his home country at the age of 18 to pursue a higher education and went to England on a scholarship grant in the year 1950. Naipul studied at University College of Oxford and after four years he realized he wanted to be an author. He took up the pen and paper and found himself, realizing that his occupation would forever be as a writer. His prowess as a writer is incredible. In addition to Half a Life, Naipaul has written A House for Mr. Biswas, A Bend in the River, Between Father and Son, A Way in the World, Beyond Belief, and many more, totaling more than 20 fiction and non-fiction books in his lifetime. As mentioned before, he is a Nobel Laureate and now lives his life in Wiltshire, England. The similarities of all these characteristics with Willie Chandran is so astounding that some would have guessed Naipaul was writing an autobiography. Willie is also of Indian descent and left his home country at the age of 18 to go study abroad; both of them were able to do this because of a scholarship. Willie went to England to study at a university for four years as well. He took up writing and published a book while he was studying in London and briefly pursued writing, which is Naipaul’s occupation. They both eventually find themselves living in a foreign country other than the one they were born in. It is clear that V.S. Naipaul used aspects of his own life to craft and mold a protagonist and a story that would be powerful and compelling enough to keep readers glued to the page.

Writing

B. Write a review of a book/film you have recently read or watched.

The Time Machine

1. Title of the Book: The Time Machine

2. Author of the Book: H.G. Wells

3. Country: United Kingdom

4. Language: English

5. First originally published by: William Heinemann, London in 1895.

6. Genre: Science Fiction Novel

7. Cost of the Book: Rs. 300

8. Name of the Publisher: Dover Publications

9. Edition and year of Copyright: April 3, 1995

10. No. of pages: 80

11. Writing style: Narrative

12. Characters: The Narrator-Hillyer, Eloi, Morlocks, Weena

13. Plot: The story follows a Victorian scientist, who claims that he has invented a device that enables him to travel through time, and has visited the future, arriving in the year 802,701 in what had once been London. The narrator recounts the Traveler’s lecture to his weekly dinner guests that time is simply the fourth dimension and demonstrates a tabletop model machine for travelling through the fourth dimension. He reveals that he has built a machine capable of carrying a person through time and returns at dinner the following week to recount a remarkable tale, becoming the new narrator.

14. Summary: A group of men, including the narrator, is listening to the Time Traveler discussing his theory that time is the fourth dimension. The Time Traveler produces a miniature time machine and makes it disappear into thin air. The next week, the guests return, to find their host stumble in, looking disheveled and tired. They sit down after dinner, and the Time Traveler begins his story.

15. My Impressions: The time traveler’s machine is described in such sketchy terms that it can scarcely be believed as an instrument of science, and the time traveler’s account is similarly sketchy and bizarre. The very nature of time travel means that he’s away for only a short period of time, and the only “proof” of his travels is a crunched up flower. And given that the narrative is told in a twice-removed manner, the reader can’t help but wonder whether any of the novels is true at all. Did the time traveler truly engage in such chronological shenanigans, and did he experience what he claims? Or is he simply using an imagined future to provide a warning about the current state of society? But the reality is that neither the truth nor the journey matters: it’s only the outcome.

Grammar

Change the following into indirect speech.

a. She said, "While I was having dinner, the phone rang."

She said that while she was having dinner, the phone rang.

b. My friend said, "Where are they staying?"

My friend asked where they were staying.

c. Jamila said, "I travel a lot in my job."

Jamila said that she travelled a lot in her job.

d. She said to me, "We lived in China for five years."

She told me that they had lived in China for five years.

e. He said to me, "Do you like ice-cream?"

He told me if I had liked ice-cream.

f. They said, "Hurray! We’ve won the match."

They exclaimed with delight that they had won the match.

g. He said, "I’d tried everything without success, but this new medicine is great."

He said that he’d tried everything without success, but this new medicine was great.

h. Sony said, "I go to the gym next to your house."

Sony said that she went to the gym next to my house.

i. He said, "Be quiet after 10 o’clock."

He told me to be quiet after 10 o’clock.

j. He said, "I don’t want to go to the party unless he invites me."

He said that he didn’t want to go to the party unless he invited him.

k. He said to me, "I will see you tomorrow if you meet me."

He told me that he would see me the following day if I met him.

l. She said, "If I were you, I would give up the work."

She said that if she were me, she would give up the work.

Travel and Tourism Exercise : Question Answers and Grammar

Full exercise of Discovering West Nepal – the Wild Frontier | Language Development | Class 11 English Notes SBN ONLINE SCHOOL

Travel And Tourism

Ways with words

A. Find the words form the text which mean the following.

a. became fuller and softer by shaking – fluffed

b. sound mental health – sanity

c. consisting of or easily breaking into small pieces – crumbly

d. neither very hot nor very cold – temperate

e. land that does not have enough water to support the growth of plants – arid region

f. only slightly warm – lukewarm

B. Find the meanings of the following words in an English dicitonary, write their word classes adn use them in your own sentences.

a. hazy (adjective) :

not clear, especially because of heat

The mountains were hazy in the distance.

b. frontier (noun) :

a line that separates two countries, etc.; the land near this line

Many people travelling across the frontier were illegal immigrants.

c. lush (adjective) :

covered in healthy grass and plants

He glanced at the lush green hills.

d. flipflops (noun) :

open shoes

She took off her flipflops before crossing the stream.

e. altitude (noun) :

height above sea level

My friends are flying at an altitude of 10000 m.

f. fatal (adjective) :

causing death

If her sister gets ill again it could prove to be fatal.

g. magnificent (adjective) :

extremely attractive and impressive

Pashupati temple looks magnificent in the evening.

C. make a list of the Nepali words used in the text and write their English equivalents.

bideshi : foreign

Tatopani : lukewarm water

raksi : wine

bahini : younger sister

mathi : up

tala : down

sutne : sleep

panipuri : water balls/water bowels

pani – water

Comprehension

Answer these questions.

a. How did the author feel when she saw a colourful rooster in the western Himalayas?

The author felt amused when she saw a colourful rooster in the western Himalayas. Furthermore she felt the roster glancing her for a brief moment and winked at her.

b. How does she describe the houses on the trails of western Nepal?

She describe the house on the trails of western Nepal as made by the stones under a rock over a river. They looked too crumble to live in but people were comfortable with them.

c. What does she mean when she says "I walked towards a village15 kilometres further as the crow flies?"

When she says "I walked towards a village 15 kilometres further as the crow flies" she means the distance she had to cover was measured between two places.

d. Describe the village Thankur in brief.

The village Thankur have had only two houses. The village is located in an arid region. There is not much human mobility. Shiny and rainbow colored large birds called Himalayan monal are found there.

e. What happened when she reached Jumla and how was she relieved?

When she reached Jumla she was ill with an unknown virus and a bad tummy. She was relieved after having medicine and pani puri.

f. How does the author describe the bucket water in Khali Lagna?

The water surface on the bucket was frozen. When she cracked it, she felt satisfied as the water underneath was surprisingly lukewarm.

g. How was Rara Lake on the day she reached there?

The water in Rara Lake was glistening in its dark blue glory when she reached there.

Critical Thinking

a. It is said that travelling a place equals to reading three books. Do you agree? Why?

I totally agree with the saying that travelling a place equals to reading three books. The world is a great book, of which they who never stir from home read only a page. It is a well established fact now that travelling gives a character to our knowledge. While travelling we have firsthand knowledge about the place we are travelling. We actually see the place with our own eyes, and its memory stays with us throughout our life. For example reading about a place may be entertaining and appealing, but visiting it in person will surely be thousand times more entertaining and gratifying.

Traveling is wonderful in many ways. As we travel we meet more new people, cultures, and lifestyles. With all the newness in our life, we are also opened to new insights, outlook, and perception of the world and living, which often gives us a new purpose for our lives. While travelling, we have to be prepared for unplanned emergencies and schedules. We have to make arrangements for our travelling, lodging and boarding. This makes us more organized and self-reliant. Thus, travelling makes the inhabitants interconnected. We start feeling ourselves as members of one big family of mankind living on one home planet. This makes life more wonderful.

In conclusion it can be said that travelling is one of the most precious gifts of life, and we must relish it and enjoy its sundry life-transforming benefits.

b. The author spent five-week long walk along the western Himalayas. Do you think it was adventurous? Why?

Yes, it was adventurous because she had covered a distance that totals up to 25 percent of the Nepal Himalaya via the lower Great Himalayan Trail, along with some funky detours. She experienced places where few tourists go. She chose the Dhaulagiri Circuit. She witnessed and experienced as medieval and raw. She learnt to survive the wild western region with primal instincts, human intuition, and oneness with nature. She was able to break the monotony of life and work. Life is a mad rush but she became to able to escape it to participate in adventure from one place to another, from one activity to another, trying to gather as much as possible. Trekking through glaciers, crossing rivers, walking through arid regions, spending cold nights at high altitude, walking in the snow being frozen is a challenging task. That’s why this journey is really and adventurous one.

Writing

A. Write a travelogue of your recent visit to a natural/religious place in about 300 words.

With the objective to learn through observation rather than rote learning, we the students of grade-11 visited Pashupati area enlisted in the world heritage site. Pashupati area is located on the bank of the holy river Bagmati in the eastern part of Kathmandu district. There are places like Gaushala, Pingalastahan, Jay bagesori, Guhesori, Deupatan, Gaurighat, etc including the holy Pashupatinath temple in this area. There are about 500 different temples, shrines and 1000 shivalingas in this area. The main temple of Pashupatinath has been constructed in Pagoda style.

The panchamukhi jyotirlinga kept inside Pashupati temple was established by the person called Nep during the Gopal dynasty. After the king Prachanda dev, Dharma dutta, Queen of shiva singh; Ganga devi and Prapta malla constructed and reconstructed the temple. Evidence is found that even the Shah kings and Rana prime ministers also contributed in its reconstructions.

Large fair is held on the occasion of Shivaratri Teej, Bala Chaturdashi, Janai Purnima as well as every Monday of Shrawan. It is found that thousands of pilgrims visit this temple during these occasions from inside and outside the country. The number of pilgrim is not less on other days as well. They visit the Pashupatinath temple as it is considered the holiest temple of Hindus.

The housings, huts, factories and industries constructed encroaching the land of Pashupati trust should be removed from their while afforestation program and construction of religious places should be launched. It is necessary to pay special attention in environmental sanitation. The government has to take responsibility in keeping the record of the income and expenditure of the temple. Besides, if the sewage can be managed on the bank of Bagmati river the importance of this area would increase even more.

B. Write an essay in about 500 words on ‘Importance of Tourism in Nepal’.

Nepal is known for being one of the most famous travel destinations in the world. With thousands of tourists visiting the county every year, Tourism in Nepal has soared to new heights. The capital city of the country, Kathmandu and the city of lakes, Pokhara are the top cities in the country to see a sharp increase in the number of tourists in recent years. From UNESCO world heritage sites to different ancient landmarks, from a diverse ethnic community to experiencing different cultures and traditions, all of which have been successful to catch the interest of foreigners to visit the country of Nepal.

Tourism heavily influences the working of Nepal’s government. Tourism is the number one source to generate foreign currency in Nepal. As the tourism sector grows and more foreigners spend their time in Nepal, the inflow of the currency directly uplifts the working of the country. As Nepal imports more goods than exporting its local products, the foreign currency is the highest number two source to generate money for the country to compete internationally.

Foreigners take a keen interest in handicraft goods made from the local products using raw material available in the country. Goods like carpers, status, portraits are at a high demand by travelers. This helps the community to grow. It also expands the popularity of the Nepalese people’s handiwork throughout the world.

When foreigners visit the country, they get to experience the local culture and traditions. Historical site visits and observing the art and architecture of famous UNESCO world heritage sites and landmarks help the country to spread its religious norms and values throughout the world. Tourism helps us to spread our influence in the world. Names of sites like Pashupatinath, Boudhanath, Muktinath, Swayambhunath, Lumbini, Kathmandu Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Davis Falls, Phewa Lake, and more have been successfully spread in the world. This has led to an increase in tourist inflow to watch visit these places and its surroundings. This helps to generate easy income for people around the landmarks.

Grammar

B. Complete these sentences using the verbs given in the brackets.

a. Letters are delivered by the postman every day. (deliver)

b. This bag was found in the bus yesterday. (find)

c. The gate is locked at 7:00 pm every evening. (lock)

d. I was invited to the party last week. (invite)

e. The telephone was invented by Graham Bell. (invent)

f. Muna Madan was written by Devkota. (write)

g. How much money was stolen in the robbery? (steal)

h. Do you know cheese is made from milk? (make)

i. I was born in Kathmandu, but was grown in Dhangadhi. (grow)

C. Change the following sentences into passive.

a. I didn’t fix the problem.

The problem wasn’t fixed by me.

b. Police protect the town.

The town is protected by police.

c. John’s mother raised him in a small town.

He was raised in a small town by John’s mother.

d. Someone painted the building last year.

The building was built last year.

e. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928.

Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming.

f. Some students study grammar on the Internet.

Grammar is studied on the internet by some students.

g. Someone had broken the window by 3:00 p.m.

The window had been broken by 3: p.m.

h. A strange man was watching us.

We were being watched by a strange man.

i. Tokyo will hold the Olympics in 2020.

The Olympics will be held in 2020 by Tokyo.

j. We are working on the report right now.

The report is being worked in right now by us.

k. My manager has told him to arrive earlier.

He has been told to arrive earlier by my manager.

l. They could not have made the mistake.

The mistake could not have been made by them.

m. I hope they are going to hire me soon.

I hope I am going to be hired soon by them.

n. I don’t like people staring at me.

I don’t like being statered at.

o. She likes people waving at her.

She likes being waved at.

p. Who told you the story?

By whom were you told the story ?

q. Is he repairing the bicycle?

Is the bicycle being repaired by him?

Science and Technology Exercise : Question Answers and Grammar

Full exercise of Taking my Son to College, where Technology has Replaced Serendipity | Language Development | Class 11 English Notes SBN ONLINE SCHOOL

Science And Technology

Ways with words

A. Match the words with their correct definitions.

a. Freshman: a first-year student at a university, college, or high school

b. Naive: having a lack of experience or knowledge

c. Obliviously: without conscious awareness

d. Brag: says something in a boastful manner

e. Disposal: action of throwing away something

f. Dorm: dormitory, student residence hall or building

g. Suitemate: someone who shares your bathroom/living room/kitchen

h. Incalculable: not able to be calculated or estimated

B. Replace the bold words in (a-h) selecting synonyms from the box.

a. Her story is incredible in the literal sense of the word.

b. We often read the novels of the potential writers in the world.

c. The Facebook users are fragmented but connected to each other through the Internet.

d. Sometimes unanticipated events happen in our life.

e. He paused, scrutinizing the faces of Anjana and Manju with his glittering eyes.

f. I am sorry to say your handwriting is indecipherable.

g. He is matured. He can navigated his own journey to make his career better.

h. Gita’s heart swelled with delight, translating her confidence into power.

C. Complete the sentences by choosing the correct word given in brackets.

a. Does television affect children? (affect/effect)

b. Does television have an effect on children? (affect/effect)

c. Could you lend me your book, please? (borrow/lend)

d. Can I borrow your pen? (borrow/lend)

e. Prices seem to rise every year. (raise/rise)

f. You can raise your hand if you want to ask a question. (raise/rise)

g. What did he say to you? (say/tell)

h. I can’t speak Hindi. (speak/talk)

i. I will talk to you on the phone. (speak/talk)

j. I think that’s a very sensible idea. (sensible/sensitive)

k. My teeth are very sensitive to cold. (sensible/sensitive)

l. Our principal is a popular person. (principal/principle)

m. I couldn’t understand the principle of gravity. (principal/principle)

n. All friends, expect Nabina, came to the party. (accept/except)

o. Will you accept my request? (accept/except)

p. They were making too much noise. (noise/sound)

q. All she could hear was the sound of the waves. (noise/sound)

r. Did you give him any advice for his career? (advice/advise)

s. My parents advise me to be a teacher. (advice/advise)

Comprehension

Answer these questions.

a. Why did the author feel that she was lucky to be so naïve of her freshman year at college?

The author felt that she was lucky to be so naïve of her freshman year at college because the very ignorance navigated her to the path of wealth and status. Despite of being foolish, she got an opportunity to explore new things. So she felt lucky.

b. Why did she say that she went to college in the Stone Age?

She said that she went to college in the Stone Age because she compares her college year with her son’s college year she found a vast difference. Technology was not such a use at her time. Compared to the present time, she was not so lucky to use cell phones, electronic gadgets to the fullest like his son is doing now. Seeing her son, using electronic devices and technology almost everywhere, she says that her time was so primitive, hence she said she went to college in the stone age.

c. What kinds of technological tools can Hayden use at his college life unlike at his mother’s time?

Hayeden uses every technological shortcuts to make his living easier. He uses mobile phone with Yale specific apps, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Youtube.

d. How has the internet and social sites affected the lifestyle of the youths?

The Internet has made the youths rely on nearly everything either little or big. It has made the life of youths easier forgetting to experience struggle and hard labor. With no exertion they’ll plan undertaking work depending upon search engines and software hampering the extension of the skyline of pondering and innovativeness. Social sites have given them opportunities to be connected to different people but they are fragmented because they know each other virtually. Due to internet and social sites the youths have missed the actual pleasure of the discovering of a real world.

e. What things about college life will Hayden really miss unlike his mother?

Hayden will miss real life interactions, usage of thinking capability and imagination, exploration and discoveries of various things in life dissimilar to his mom.

f. The writer says, "I worry that students today are more connected and more fragmented". Isn’t this paradoxical? How?

The line "I worry that student today are more connected and more fragmented " is really conflicting and paradoxical. The paradoxical sentence is unreasonable in surface level. However, in profound level, there is its philosophical importance. There is no such thing as a fracture in affiliation apart from the above line implies youth are related to each other mainly by pleasant locations. But, in real world there are far to at least one one other. They do not have particular person to particular person connection so they’re divided. There is no openness to one another to acquire life’s critical minute.

Critical thinking

a. Do you think that advancements of technology can hinder the exposure students receive in school, and block them from gaining some of life’s most memorable moments? Give reasons in support of your answer.

Technology is the machines and tools we use to convert natural or mental resources into things we need, like energy or algorithms. Technology can be used in so many different ways, positive and negative, that the answers have become as convoluted and complicated as human interaction. It follows, therefore, that some technology is right for children in a learning and social environment, and some technology is not.

Most of the schools and colleges are using modern devices like laptops and tablets as a means of teaching. So the students are also using the same devices to be on par with the teachings of the teachers. In the present day, social media has evolved leaps and bounds, with 90% of the world’s population using social media. So the devices which are provided to the students for studying are instead used to be active on social media. Students are not studying with the help of these devices, they are interested in checking the posts and status updates of their near and dear ones and many other things. This is how technology is becoming a huge distraction for the learners, thus increasing the gap between students and educators.

In the present day, due to the huge advancement of technology, teachers are educating the students with different online tools instead of physically communicating with them, hence the students are unable to interact with the students and also cannot share problems with them. Teachers miserably fail to draw the attention of the student. It is recommended to use verbal communication with the students along with using online tools. So the students can learn the topics as well as they can share their problems with the teacher.

Thus its true that advancements of technology can hinder the exposure students receive in school, and block them from gaining some of life’s most memorable moments.

b. Kline’s essay focuses on the contrast between her son’s freshman college experience and her own, but she also establishes what they have in common. Explain.

The essay entitled “Taking my son to College, Where Technology has Replaced Serendipity” written by Christina Baker Kline is about the contrast between her college experience and her son’s experience. But the essay also includes the common things between her and her son. She talks about the experience of freshman college year in the same university. Although technology has replaced the way they do everything but still the education system was all same. All the old feelings and emotions were also the same. There were much more difficulty on her time comparing to her son’s age but still, friendships and team working has not changed. These things are all same in some way. Exploration about the new things ware limited to physical doings, but now at the time of his son, the exploration and research is still the same, but it is done via technology medium, via search engines, E-books rather than physical books. Relationship and friendship was the struggle for freshman at her time, still search for the companion was prominent. This thing still prevails in electronic form from facebook, instagram and social media.

c. Has the internet aided to broadening or narrowing the critical thinking capacity of youths or readers? How?

Internet is a global network of interconnected networks of computers. It makes it easier and quick for people to access information sitting at any corner of the world. Just like any other technology, internet too has its own share of positive and negative effects on society. If internet is used to gain and explore knowledge, it is broadening of knowledge, but if you started relying on interent answers with blunt creativity, it is narrowing of the critical thinking capacity. The world of internet is so infinite that it can seem overwhelming. All forms of media don’t work in every setting. There needs to be a balance of modern technology in life, or you run the risk of losing out on developing fundamental skills. Internet is an excellent boost to your critical thinking skills, but you should be aware of some of the pitfalls that come along with it. Thus depending on how you’re using it, internet can be enhancing or damaging to critical thinking.

Grammar

A. Fill in the gaps with suitable articles where necessary.

a. Is he working as a university professor?

b. My younger sister watches the television a lot.

A: What did you get for your birthday?

B: I got a lot of good presents.

d. I’m going to the Dominican Republic for my winter vacation.

e. I have to go to a bank today to deposit some money.

f. Durga was injured in the accident and was taken to the nearest hospital.

g. Every parent should visit school to meet the teachers.

h. Who is the woman in this photograph?

i. There is a piano in the corner of the room.

A: Do you think he is lying?

B: No, he’s the kind of a guy that always tells the truth.

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