Ṛgveda-Prātiśākhya Chapter 5 (Nati-paṭala) (5.1-61)
In Nati or cerebralization a dental, most commonly s and n, is changed into its corresponding retroflex. Nati does not occur in every instance but only as specified in the Sūtras of Chapter.
Nati-Sandhi: s > ṣ (5.1-39)
For an overview, we begin with the first two Sūtras and the last Sūtra of Chapter 5 of Ṛgveda Prātiśākhya:
5.1 In the interior of a Pāda, s preceded by a cerebralizing vowel other than ‘e’ is changed to ṣ, even if (the cerebralizing vowel) is followed by a Visarjanīya, as prescribed in the following.
5.2 One should understand that in this case (i.e., when a cerebralizing vowel is followed by Visarjanīya) cerebralization (Nati) takes place first and the change of Visarjanīya into an Ūṣman (vyāpati) afterwards.
5.61 This is ‘nati’ which consists in the cerebralization of a dental.
Sūtras 5.1 and 5.2 are Adhikāra or ‘governing’ sūtras, which give a general rule to follow. This rule doesn’t apply universally but only under the conditions prescribed in the Sūtras that follow.
Sūtra 5.1 says that if an ‘s’ follows a namin vowel other than e (ṛ, Rī, i, ī, u, ū, o, ai and au) in the interior of a Pāda, it is cerebralized. This means that it is changed to the retroflex ‘ṣ.’ As given in 5.61, the Vedic term for cerebralization is ‘Nati’, which comes from the root ‘nam’ meaning to bow down. An ‘n’ may also be cerebralized into a retroflex ‘ṇ’.
This rule applies, even if the namin vowel at the end of the first word is followed by a Visarjanīya, as stated in Sūtra 5.2. In this case, the s is first cerebralized to ṣ and then the Sandhi rule is applied for a Visarjanīya followed by an Ūṣman.
(nāmin vowel) ḥ + s = (nāmin vowel) ḥ + ṣ = (nāmin vowel) ṣ + ṣ
Please note that when the ṣ is cerebralized the Visarjanīya must be changed to ṣ with no option to leave it unchanged (4.34).
5.3 The word saḥ is cerebralized when preceded by the words su, ūtī, nakiḥ, svaiḥ, vi, uru, nahi, abhi, trī, ni and hi.
(su, ūtī, vi, uru, nahi, abhi, trī, ni, hi) + saḥ = same words + ṣaḥ
(nakiḥ, svaiḥ) + saḥ = (nakiṣ, svaiṣ) + ṣaḥ
Examples:
pra | su | saḥ | vibhyaḥ = pra su ṣa vibhyaḥ (RV 4.26.4) (see 2.11)
ni | saḥ | hīyatām = ni ṣa hīyatām (RV 7.104.10)
hi |saḥ | paliknīḥ = hi ṣaḥ paliknīḥ (RV 5.2.4) (see 4.96)
svaiḥ | saḥ = svaiḥ ṣaḥ = svaiṣṣaḥ (RV 8.18.3) (see 5.2, 4.34)
nakiḥ | saḥ | asti = nakiṣṣo asti (RV 2.24.7)
5.4 The two words sat and sthaḥ (are cerebralized) only (when preceded) by a dissyllabic word (ending in a cerebralizing vowel.)
Dissyllabic means having two syllables.
Two-syllable word + (sat, sthaḥ) = same word + (ṣat, ṣṭhaḥ)
The ṭh in ṣṭhaḥ has also been cerebralized.
Examples:
divi | sat | bhūmi = divi ṣadbhūmi (RV 9.61.10)
anti | sat| bhūtu | vām | avaḥ = anti ṣadbhūtu vāmavaḥ (RV 8.73.1-18)
kavī | sthaḥ | pari = kavī ṣṭhaḥ pari (RV 10.40.6) (see 5.11 for ṭh)
hi | sthaḥ = hi sthaḥ (RV 9.19.2)
5.5 su is cerebralized (when preceded) by a non-polysyllabic word.
In these Sūtras, non-polysyllabic words are those with one or two syllables.
One or two syllable word + su = same word+ ṣu
Examples:
abhi | su | aryaḥ = abhī ṣvaryaḥ (RV 10.59.3) (see 7.43 for ī)
ut | ūm̐ iti | su = udu ṣū (RV 5.83.10) (see 8.36 for ū in ṣū)
o iti | su = o ṣu (RV 3.33.9)
tābhiḥ | su | asmān = tābhiṣṣvasmān (RV 8.8.21)
kaṇveṣu | su = kaṇveṣu su (RV 8.4.3)
5.6 The syllables sy, sk and sn occurring in the beginning of words (are cerebralized, when preceded by a non-polysyllabic word.)
One or two syllable word + (sy, sk, sn) = same word + (ṣy, ṣk, ṣṇ)
The n in sn is also cerebralized.
Examples:
abhi | syāt = abhi ṣyāt (RV 10.117.7)
anu | syāma = anu ṣyāma (RV 1.185.4)
vi | skabhāyati = vi ṣkabhāyati (RV 10.44.8)
adhi | snunā = adhi ṣṇunā (RV 4.28.2) (see 5.11 for ṇ)
śarmaṇi | syām = śarmaṇi syām (RV 3.15.1)
te | syātām = te syātām (RV 1.104.3) (see 5.1)
5.7 sm, (in the beginning of a word) having no r, (is cerebralized, when preceded by a non-polysyllabic word).
One or two syllable word + (sm in word w/o an r) = same word + ṣm
Examples:
cit | hi | smasi = ciddhi ṣmasi (RV 9.97.27)
śuciḥ | smā = śuciṣṣmā (RV 5.7.8)
prati | smarethām = prati smarethām (RV 7.104.7)
vakāmi | sma = vakāmi sma (RV 10.33.1)
ājau (e.p.) | smat = ājau smat (RV 10.61.8) (see 5.1)
5.8 su followed by naḥ (is cerebralized), even if preceded by e.
Examples:
te | su | naḥ | marutaḥ = te ṣu ṇo marutaḥ (RV 1.169.5) (s. 5.58 for ṇ)
mahe | su | naḥ = mahe ṣu ṇaḥ (RV 3.54.3)
te | su | putra = te su putra (RV 8.92.14)
5.9 A (preceding) long vowel (does) not (cerebralize) sy.
This sūtra and 5.10 are exceptions to 5.6 in which sy is cerebralized after one or two syllable words.
Long vowel + sy = long vowel + sy
Examples:
viraiḥ | syāma = viraiḥ syāma (RV 5.20.4)
pro iti | syaḥ | vahniḥ = pro sya vahniḥ (RV 9.89.1)
5.10 The word u also, when not preceded by a contact consonant, (does not cerebralize sy).
Non-contact consonant + u + sy = Non-contact consonant + u + sy
Examples:
eṣaḥ | ūm̐ iti | syaḥ | puru-vrataḥ = eṣa u sya puruvrataḥ (RV 9.3.10)
ut | ūm̐ iti | syaḥ | devaḥ = udu ṣya devaḥ (RV 6.71.1)
5.11 The t-class preceded by ṣ is changed to the ṭ-class (retroflex), even if occuring in the interior of a word.
The t-class is t, th, d, dh and n. If the s in words beginning with st, sth and sn is cerebralized, the following dental is changed to the corresponding retroflex; st becomes ṣṭ, sth becomes ṣṭh and sn becomes ṣṇ.
Examples:
kavī | sthaḥ | pari = kavī ṣthaḥ pari (5.4) = kavī ṣṭhaḥ pari (RV 10.40.6)
adhi | snunā = adhi ṣnunā (5.6) = adhi ṣṇunā (RV 4.28.2)
tri-stup = triṣṭup (RV 10.14.16)
5.12 The initial letter s of the words sitām, sadhasthāt, stanihi, stavāma, stave, stuvanti, stuhi, sīm, stutaḥ, stha, sāhi, staḥ, stup, satsi, satsat, svani and the verb stobhi (when preceded by a cerebralizing vowel) even occuring at the end of a polysyllabic word, is cerebralized.
These words are always cerebralized after the cerebralizing vowels.
Examples:
padi | sitām = padi ṣitām (RV 4.12.6)
ūm̐ iti | stavāma = u ṣṭavāma (RV 4.21.4)
abhi | stuhi = abhi ṣṭuhi (RV 1.54.2)
pari | stha = pari ṣṭha (RV 7.103.7)
prati | stobhanti = prati ṣṭobhanti (RV 1.168.8)
5.13 Ni and pari (cerebralize) the initial syllables sva and si, if the latter are followed by a consonant of the c-class (i.e c, ch, j, jh and ñ)
This sūtra and the three that follow give special cases where the s following ni and pari are cerebralized.
(ni, pari) + (sva- or si- followed by c-class) = (ni, pari) + (ṣva- or ṣi- followed by c-class)
Examples:
ni | siñcat = ni ṣiñcat (RV 10.61.7)
pari | svajāmahe = pari ṣvajāmahe (RV 10.133.2)
pari | sicyase = pari ṣicyase (RV 9.11.8)
pari | svasuḥ = pari svasuḥ (RV 4.52.1)
5.14 (ni and pari cerebralize) also the following (initial syllables) se, sa and sī, if the latter are followed by a d followed by a vowel.
(ni, pari) + (se, sa, sī) + d + vowel = (ni, pari) + (ṣe, ṣa, ṣī) + d + vowel
Examples:
ni | seduḥ = ni ṣeduḥ (RV 4.50.3)
ni | sadatam = ni ṣadatam (RV 4.16.10)
pari | sadāma = pari ṣadāma (RV 7.4.6)
ni | sīdasi = ni ṣīdasi (RV 9.63.2)
pari | sakhyam = pari sakhyam (RV 10.40.7)
pari | sadyaḥ = pari sadyaḥ (RV 5.47.4)
5.15 (ni and pari cerebralize the initial s of the words) sedha, svāpaya, sasvaje, sasvajāte and sasāda.
Examples:
ni | sedha | imān = ni ṣedhemān (RV 10.166.3)
pari | sasvaje = pari ṣasvaje (RV 9.12.5)
ni | sasāda = ni ṣasāda (RV 1.25.10)
5.16 The latter word pari cerebralizes the beginnings of the words: santam, santaḥ, santi pūrvīḥ, sthuḥ, sthāḥ and sthāt.
Examples:
pari | santam = pari ṣantam (RV 1.72.2)
pari | santi | pūrvīḥ = pari ṣanti pūrvīḥ (RV 9.89.5)
pari | santi | acyutāḥ = pari santyacyutāḥ (RV 10.115.4)
pari | sthāt = pari ṣṭhāt (RV 3.15.6)
5.17 (S is cerebralized in the combinations:) hi ṣiñca, tu ṣiñca, rajaḥsu ṣīdan, ito ṣiñcata, ito ṣiñcat, abhi śataḥ, kimu ṣivat, suribhiṣṣyāma, divi ṣantu, ke ṣṭha, prati ṣphura, tri ṣādhastā, and kamu ṣitrat.
5.18 (S is also cerebralized in the combinations:) u ṣuvaṇaḥ, divi ṣan, suriBhiṣṣyām, ṛcchanti ṣma, nu ṣṭhiram, vaṁsu ṣīdati, nu ṣa pra, hi ṣṭho yaśasā, mahī ṣā, vi ṣā, bhuyāmo ṣu and yati ṣṭhana.
Examples: 5.17-18
hi | sinca = hi ṣinca (RV 8.32.24)
yati | sthana = yati ṣṭhana (RV 10.63.6)
5.19 (The cerebralization of s does) not (take place in the instances: ) vāji stutaḥ (exception to 5.12), vihanti sīm (exception to 5.12, patiḥ syām (exception to 5.6), ditsasi stutaḥ (exception to 5.12), apo su myakṣa (exception to 5.5), śrudhi su (exception to 5.5), triḥ sma (exception to 5.7) and stuhi stuhi (exception to 5.12).
These combination give exceptions to the rules given in the previous Sūtras of Chapter 5.
Examples: 5.19
vājī | stutaḥ = vājī stutaḥ (RV 6.24.2)
vahanti | sīm = vahanti sīm (RV 6.64.3)
patiḥ | syām = patissyām (RV 1.113.25)
ditsasi | stutaḥ = ditsasi stutaḥ (RV 8.14.4)
apo iti | su | myakṣa = apo su myakṣa (RV 2.28.6)
apo iti | su | naḥ = apo ṣu ṇaḥ (RV 8.67.15)
śrudhi | su = śrudhi su (RV 8.82.6)
triḥ | sma = trissma (RV 10.95.5)
stuhi | stuhi = stuhi stuhi (RV 8.1.30)
5.20 (S) in the interior of a word is cerebralized, (when it is preceded by cerebralizing vowels) occurring in the interior of the (same word) and preceded by the two even semi-vowels (i.e. by r and v) or by a letter produced at the root of the teeth (ie a dental)
This rule for cerebralization applies inside a word whereby an s in the word text is changed into an ṣ in the Saṁhitā text:
(r,v, t, th, d, dh, n or s) + cerebralizing vowel + s = (r,v, t, th, d, dh, n or s) + cerebralizing vowel + ṣ
Examples: 5.20
sisakti = siṣakti (RV 5.73.8)
tustuvuḥ = tuṣṭuvuḥ (RV 8.6.12)
kaniskan = kaniṣkan (RV 7.103.4)
traistubhāt | vā | traistubham = traiṣṭubhādvā traiṣṭubham (RV 1.164.23)
visita-stukā = viṣitastukā (RV 1.167.5)
5.21 (S) in the interior of a word is cerebralized, (when it is preceded by cerebralizing vowels which are preceded even by letters different (from those mentioned in the preceding Sūtra) .
5.22 (S standing in the beginning of a part of a compound is cerebralized), also when preceded by e, r or the word pṛtanā.
If ‘s’ is the beginning letter of the second word of a compound, it is cerebralized if preceded by a cerebralizing vowel (5.21) or by e, r or the word pṛtanā (5.22).
Examples: 5.21
giri-sthāḥ = giriṣṭhāḥ (RV 1.154.2)
su-stubhā = suṣṭubhā (RV 4.50.5)
tri-stup | gāyatrī = triṣṭubgāyatrī (RV 10.14.16)
duḥ-stutī = duḥ-ṣṭutī = duṣṭutī (4.36) (RV 2.33.4)
go-sāḥ | indo iti | nṛ-sāḥ | asi | aśva-sāḥ = goṣā indo nṛṣā asyaśvasāḥ (RV 9.2.10)
Examples: 5.22
dūḥ-su = dūrsu (4.39) = dūrṣu (RV 7.63.2)
rathe-sthāḥ = ratheṣṭhāḥ (RV 1.173.4)
pathe-sthām = patheṣṭhām (RV 10.40.13)
pṛtanā-sāṭ | amartyaḥ = pṛtanāṣāḻamartyaḥ (RV 1.175.2)
pṛtanā-sāṭ | na = pṛtanāṣāṇna (RV 9.88.7)
5.23 (S) remains unchanged when followed by r, ṛ and ṝ.
This rule and 5.24 following apply for any cerebralization, not just for compounds.
Examples: 5.23
vi-srasaḥ = visrasaḥ (RV 8.48.5)
pari-srutam = parisrutam (RV 9.1.6)
vi-sṛṣṭāḥ = visṛṣṭāḥ (RV 8.100.12)
tisṝṇām = tisṝṇām (RV 8.101.6) (Exception to 5.20)
5.24 Similarly (the s) of the syllables sam, spṛk, svṛ, sar and svar (remains unchanged).
This Sūtra applies to all words containing the syllables sam, spṛk, svṛ, sar and svar.
Examples: 5.24
su-samiddhaḥ = susamiddhaḥ (RV 1.13.1)
puru-sambhṛtam = purusambhṛtam (RV 8.66.4)
hṛdi-spṛk | astu = hṛdispṛgastu (RV 1.16.7)
vi-sarjane = visarjane (RV 5.59.3)
sisarti = sisarti (RV 2.38.2) (Exception to 5.20)
abhi-svare = abhisvare (RV 10.117.8)
Note: There is no example of the syllable svṛ in Ṛgveda. On the other hand, the Sūtra does not explain the following words found in the Ṛgveda:
divi-spṛśam, pur-spṛham, pari-spṛdhaḥ, etc. in which the s is not cerebralized in the Saṁhitā. It’s very likely that the Sūtra originally contained spṛ instead of svṛ.
5.25 (The s of the syllable) sa remains unchanged, if the latter precedes an Anusvāra standing in place of m (according to Sūtra 4.15).
This Sūtra refers to Paripanna Sandhi 4.15 in which m is changed to an Anusvāra when followed by an r or an Ūṣman: m + (r, h, ś, ṣ, s) = ṁ + (r, h, ś, ṣ, s). If the resulting Anusvāra follows sa, the s is unchanged.
Examples: 5.25
su-saṁrabdhāḥ = susaṁrabdhāḥ (RV 10.72.6)
adri-saṁhatam = adrisaṁhatam (RV 9.98.6)
su-saṁśitāḥ = susaṁśitāḥ (RV 5.19.5)
su-saṁsat | mitraḥ = susaṁsanmitraḥ (RV 7.9.3)
5.26 Also (the s of the syllable sa is not cerebralized when sa precedes) a conjunct consonant beginning with a nasal (consonant).
When sa is followed by a nasal and then another consonant the s is not cerebralized.
Examples: 5.26
su-saṅkāśā = susaṅkāśā (RV 1.123.11)
su-sandṛśam = susandṛśam (RV 1.82.3)
5.27 (The s of the words) sahasram, ……………, saptaiḥ and the stem sānu, when parts of a compound, (remains unchanged.)
This Sūtra 5.27 and Sūtras 5.28-29 following give special exceptions where the s is not cerebralized when it ordinarily would be.
Examples: 5.27
catuḥ-sahasram = catussahasram (RV 5.30.15)
tri-saptaiḥ = trisaptaiḥ (RV 1.133.6)
pṛdāku-sānuḥ = pṛdākusānuḥ (RV 8.17.15)
adri-sāno = adrisāno (RV 6.65.5)
These are all exceptions to Sūtra 5.21
5.28 (S in) all words, when preceded (in a compound) by the words sute, …………. svabhiṣṭi, remains unchanged.
Examples: 5.28
sute-sute = sutesute (RV 1.9.10) exception to 5.22
svabhiṣṭi-sumnaḥ = svabhiṣṭisumnaḥ (RV 6.20.8) exception to 5.21
5.29 (S is) not (cerebralized in the words): abhisatvā, ……………, sisicuḥ.
Examples: 5.29
abhi-satvā = abhisatvā (RV 10.103.5) exception to 5.21
sisicuḥ = sisicuḥ (RV 2.24.4) exception to 5.20
5.30 (S is cerebralized in the words:) goṣṭhādiva, …………, the stem puruṣanti, ………and anuseṣidhat.
Examples: 5.30
gosthāt-iva = goṣṭhādiva (RV 10.97.8)
puru-santim = puruṣantim (RV 1.112.23) exception to 5.26
puru-santyoḥ = puruṣantyoḥ (RV 9.58.3) exception to 5.26
anu-sesidhat = anuseṣidhat (RV 1.23.5) would expect anuṣesidhat
5.31 (S), which stands at the end of the first part of a compound and is the result of the change of Visarjanīya into an Ūṣman (vyāpanna, is cerebralized), if preceded by a cerebralizing vowel and followed by t not joined to an r.
This Sūtra refers to the Sandhi in Sūtra 4.31 where ḥ + t = s + t.
Cerebralizing vowel + s (from 4.31) + t (not followed by r) = ṣṭ (when s is at the end of the first word in a compound and t begins the second word)
Examples: 5.31
viduḥ-tarā = vidus-tarā = viduṣṭarā (RV 10.70.7)
āviḥ-tyaḥ = āvis-tyaḥ = āviṣṭyaḥ (RV 1.95.5)
catuḥ-triṁśatā = catustriṁśatā (RV 10.55.3)
5.32 If, however, there is no compound (vigrahe, the above cerebralization takes place), when the unaccented words tvā and te follow.
Even if there is no compound and the other conditions of 5.31 are met and also the unaccented words tvā and te follow, the s is cerebralized and also the following t. Unaccented (anudātta) means that the syllable is chanted in the lowest note.
Examples: 5.32
viduḥ | te = viduṣṭe = viduṣṭè (RV 1.11.6)
haviḥ | tvā = haviṣṭvaà (RV 10.124.6)
viduḥ | te | ime = vidusta ime (RV 1.164.39)
5.33 (S at the end of ) the word agniḥ (is changed to ṣ), when preceding a monosyllabic word (beginning with t.)
Examples: 5.33
agniḥ | tam = agniṣṭam (RV 10.162.2)
agniḥ | tvaṣṭāram = agnistvaṣṭāram (RV 6.49.9)
5.34 Also (s at the end of the word) nakiḥ (is changed to ṣ under the above conditions).
Examples: 5.34
nakiḥ | tvat = nakiṣṭvat (RV 1.84.6)
5.35 Also when the word nakiḥ is followed by the word tanūṣu.
Examples: 5.35
nakiḥ | tanūṣu = nakiṣṭanūṣu (RV 8.20.12)
5.36 (S of ) niḥ (is changed to ṣ), when the words tat, … , taugryam follow.
Examples: 5.36
niḥ | tat | jabhāra = niṣṭajjabhāra (RV 10.68.8)
niḥ | taugryam = niṣṭaugryam (RV 10.39.4)
5.37 (The s in place of Visarjanīya of ) the words pāyubhiḥ, … , śuciḥ (is changed to ṣ), when tvam follows.
Examples: 5.37
pāyubhiḥ | tvam = pāyubhiṣṭvam (RV 6.71.3)
śuciḥ | tvam = śuciṣṭvam (RV 1.91.3)
5.38 (S is changed to ṣ in the combinations): īyuṣṭe, … , kratuṣṭam.
Examples: 5.38
īyuḥ | te = īyuṣṭe (RV 1.113.11)
kratuḥ | tam = kratuṣṭam (RV 5.35.1)
5.39 (The s in place of the Visarjanīya of the words) āhuḥ, … , ṣaṣtiḥ, … , and bāhvoḥ (is) not (changed to ṣ), when the two unaccented words (tvā and te) follow.
This Sūtra gives certain exceptions to Sūtra 5.32
Examples: 5.39
āhuḥ | te = āhuste = āhustè (RV 1.163.3)
ṣaṣṭiḥ | tvā = ṣaṣṭistvaà (RV 8.96.8)
bāhvoḥ | te = bāhvostè (RV 1.80.8)
Nati-Sandhi: n > ṇ (5.40-60)
5.40 ṛ, r and ṣ, if not preceded by k and occurring in the same word which is separable by an avagraha in the Pada text, cerebralize n occurring in the interior of the word, even if the former are the result of euphonic combination.
This Sūtra gives the main conditions for cerebralizing n. These conditions are:
1. The n is inside the word and not at the end.
2. The word is a compound in the Pada text.
3. ṛ, r or ṣ precede the n and
4. K does not immediately precede ṛ, r or ṣ
5. The rule applies even if the ṣ is the result of an s being cerebralized
Examples: 5.40
pitṛ-yānam = pitṛyāṇam (RV 10.2.7)
vṛtra-hanā = vṛtrahaṇā (RV 3.12.4)
parā-ayanam = parāyaṇam (RV 10.19.4)
vi-sānam = vi-ṣānam = viṣāṇam (RV 5.44.1)
kṛpa-nīḻam = kṛpanīḻam (RV 10.20.3)
kravya-vāhanaḥ = kravyavāhanaḥ (RV 10.16.11)
akṣa-nahaḥ = akṣānahaḥ (RV 10.53.7)
uṣṭrānām = uṣṭrānām (RV 8.46.22)
indra-havān = indrahavān (RV 9.96.1)
5.41 A secondary (sandhyaḥ) Ūṣman (i.e, ṣ, cerebralizes n) also in word which is not separable in the Pada text.
This means that if an s is cerebralized to an ṣ, an n inside the same word is also cerebralized even if there is no compound.
Examples: 5.41
adhi | svani = adhi ṣvani (5.12) = adhi ṣvaṇi (RV 9.66.9)
The following Sūtras 5.42-44 give restrictions to the cerebralization of n: If words beginning with the c-class, the ṭ-class, the t-class, ś or s come between the ṛ, r or ṣ and the n, then there is no change of n. and also if a word beginning with a palatal occurs between pari, pra, riṣi or indra and the n. Also, in a compound word beginning with pari, pra, ṛṣi or indra, the n is not changed when a labial intervenes.
5.42 (ṛ, r and ṣ do) not (cerebralize n) separated (from them) by the three intermediate classes of contact consonants (i.e., by the c-class, the ṭ-class and the t-class).
Examples: 5.42
ṛju-nītī = ṛjunītī (RV 1.90.1)
ā-vartanam = āvartanam (RV 10.19.4)
ariṣṭa-nemiḥ = ariṣṭanemiḥ (RV 1.89.6)
5.43 In the case of (compound) words beginning with pari, pra, ṛṣi and indra (n is not changed to ṇ, if separated) also by the last (class of contact consonants, i.e., the p-class).
Examples: 5.43
pari-pānam = paripānam (RV 5.44.11)
pra-minanti = praminanti (RV 1.24.6)
ṛṣi-manāḥ = ṛṣimanāḥ (RV 9.96.18)
indra-pānaḥ = indrapānaḥ (RV 9.96.3)
su-prapānam = suprapāṇam (RV 5.83.8)
5.44 Similarly (n), separated by ś or s, (is not changed to ṇ) in (compound) words beginning with any word.
Examples: 5.44
pari-śayānam = pariśayānam (RV 3.32.11)
adri-sāno = adrisāno (RV 6.65.5) (see 5.27 why s is not cerebralized)
5.45 ṛ, r and ṣ do not cerebralize n occurring at the end of a compound.
Examples: 5.45
karman-karman = karmankarman (RV 10.28.7)
5.46 Nor the initial n of any forms of nābhi and nirṇaj.
Examples: 5.46
vṛṣa-nābhinā = vṛṣanābhinā (RV 8.20.10)
candra-nirnik | manaḥ-ṛṅgā = candranirṇiṅmanaṛṅgā (RV 10.106.8)
varṣa-nirnijaḥ = varṣanirṇijaḥ (RV 3.26.5)
5.47 Nor that joined to y or a contact consonant.
Examples: 5.47
harimanyu-sāyakaḥ = harimanyusāyakaḥ (RV 10.96.3)
praghnatām-iva = praghnatāmiva (RV 9.69.2)
vṛtra-ghne = vṛtraghne (RV 9.98.10)
puru-santyoḥ = puru-ṣantyoḥ (5.30) = puruṣantyoḥ (RV 9.58.3)
su-sumnā = su-ṣumnā = suṣumnā (RV 10.132.2)
5.48 Nor in karmaniṣṭam and dīrghanīthe
Examples: 5.48
karmaniḥ-sthām = karmaniṣṭhām (RV 10.80.1)
dīrgha-nīthe = dīrghanīthe (RV 8.50.10)
5.49 Nor in the word bhānu.
Examples: 5.49
citra-bhānuḥ = citrabhānuḥ (RV 7.9.3)
svaḥ-bhānoḥ = svarbhānoḥ (RV 5.40.6)
5.50 Nor in hinomi.
Examples: 5.50
pari-hinomi = parihinomi (RV 7.104.6)
5.51 R and ṣ do not cerebralize n followed by a short vowel in compound words beginning with tveṣa and puru.
Examples: 5.51
tveṣa-nṛmṇaḥ = tveṣanṛmṇaḥ (RV 10.120.1)
puru-nṛmṇāya = purunṛmṇāya (RV 8.45.21)
puru-nīthe = puruṇīthe (RV 1.59.7)
5.52 Nor in compound words beginning with tri, śubhra, and yuṣmā, even if n is followed by both (i.e by short and long vowels.)
Examples: 5.52
tri-nāke = trināke (RV 9.113.9)
śubhra-yāvānā = śubhrayāvānā (RV 8.26.19)
yuṣmā-nītaḥ = yuṣmānītaḥ (RV 2.27.11)
5.53 Nor in compound words which have no h, have more than three syllables, and begin with puraḥ, punaḥ, duḥ, catuḥ, and jyotiḥ.
Examples: 5.53
puraḥ-yāvānam = puroyāvānam (RV 9.5.9)
punaḥ-nava = punarnava (RV 10.161.5)
duḥ-niyantuḥ = durniyantuḥ (RV 1.190.6)
catuḥ-anīkaḥ = caturanīkaḥ (RV 5.48.5)
jyotiḥ-anīkaḥ = jyotiranīkaḥ (RV 7.35.4)
punaḥ-hanaḥ = punarhaṇaḥ (RV 10.34.7)
duḥ-nāmā = durṇāmā (RV 10.162.1)
5.54 n is cerebralized in the following words: usrayāmne, …, praṇyaḥ.
Examples: 5.54
usra-yāmne = usrayāmṇe (RV 4.32.24) (Exception to 5.47)
pra-nyaḥ = praṇyaḥ (RV 3.38.2) (Exception to 5.47)
5.55 The dentals are cerebralized in any forms of dūḍhya, dūṇāśa and dūḻabha; in these the syllable dur-, which becomes dū- being the cause of the cerebralization.
Examples: 5.55
duḥ-dhyaḥ = dur-dhyaḥ = dūḍhyaḥ (RV 1.94.8)
duḥ-naśaḥ = dur-naśaḥ = dūṇāśaḥ (RV 9.63.11)
duḥ-dabha = dur-dabha = dū-ḍabha = dūḻabha (RV 7.86.4)
5.56 R and ṣ preceded by any letter cerebralize n which belongs to a word not compounded with them (nigrahe) and is not separated by consonants causing obstruction (i.e., by the three intermediate classes of contact consonants which prevent cerebralization 5.42), as stated later on.
5.57 The words pra and pari when preceding cerebralize the words ānīt, nu tyam, nonuvuḥ, nonumaḥ and derivatives of the root nī.
Examples: 5.57
pra | ānīt | amaman = prāṇīdamaman (RV 10.32.8)
pra | nu | tyam = pra ṇu tyam (RV 5.1.7)
pra | nonuvuḥ = pra ṇonuvuḥ (RV 6.45.25)
pra | nonumaḥ = pra ṇonumaḥ (RV 7.31.4)
pari | nīyate = pari ṇīyate (RV 3.2.7)
pari | nayanti = pari ṇayanti (RV 3.53.24)
5.58 The word naḥ is cerebralized when preceded by purupriyā, brahma, suteṣu, neṣi, a word containing ṣ and ending in a lengthened a, indra, su and sma when cerebralized, savaneṣu, praṣi, svaḥ, aryamā, pra, uru and pari.
Examples: 5.58
puru-priyāḥ | naḥ = purupriyā ṇaḥ (RV 8.5.4)
brahma | naḥ = brahmā ṇaḥ (RV 7.28.1)
suteṣu | naḥ = suteṣu ṇaḥ (RV 1.10.5)
neṣi | naḥ = neṣi ṇaḥ (RV 1.129.5)
rakṣa | naḥ = rakṣā ṇaḥ (RV 1.18.3) (see 7.33)
indra | naḥ = indra ṇaḥ (RV 5.42.4)
te | su | naḥ = te ṣu ṇaḥ (RV 1.169.5) (see 5.8)
āsu | smā | naḥ = āsu ṣmā ṇaḥ (RV 6.44.18) (see 5.7)
savaneṣu | naḥ = savaneṣu ṇaḥ (RV 3.41.4)
parṣi | naḥ = parṣi ṇaḥ (RV 2.33.3)
svaḥ | naḥ = svar ṇaḥ (RV1.70.9)
aryamā | naḥ = aryamā ṇaḥ (RV 3.54.18)
pra | naḥ | devī | sarasvatī = pra ṇo devī sarasvatī (RV 6.61.4)
uru | naḥ | tanve = uru ṇastanve (RV 8.68.12)
pari | naḥ = pari ṇaḥ (RV 2.33.14)
5.59 But if heḻaḥ, …, a word containing c, …, kṛṇota, and the group of the two words naya prataram follow, naḥ is not cerebralized.
Examples: 5.59
pari | naḥ | heḻaḥ = pari no heḻaḥ (RV 7.84.2)
pra | naḥ | yacchatu = pra no yacchatu (RV 10.141.2)
uru | naḥ | kṛṇota = uru naḥ kṛṇota (RV 10.128.5)
pra | naḥ | naya | prataram = pra no naya prataram (RV 6.47.7)
pra | naḥ | naya | vasyaḥ = pra ṇo naya vasyaḥ (RV 8.71.6)
5.60 N is cerebralized in the following instances: goroheṇa, nirgamāṇi, indra eṇāḥ, indra eṇam, svarṇa, parā ṇudasva, agneraveṇa, vārṇa and śakra eṇam.
Examples: 5.60
goḥ | ohena = goroheṇa (RV 1.180.5)
niḥ | gamāni = nirgamāṇi (RV 4.18.2)
indraḥ | enāḥ = indra eṇāḥ (RV 10.19.2)
indraḥ | enam = indra eṇam (RV 1.163.2)
svaḥ | na = svarṇa (RV 10.43.9)
parā | nudasva = parā ṇudasva (RV 7.32.25)
agneḥ | avena = agneraveṇa (RV 1.128.5)
vāḥ | na = vārṇa (RV 2.4.6)
śakraḥ | enam = śakra eṇam (RV 8.1.19)
5.61 This is nati which consists in the cerebralization of a dental.
Notes
a ā i ï ī ī3 u ü ū ṛ ṝ ḷ e ai o au ṁ ḥ m̐ ' |
k kh g gh ṅ c ch j jh ñ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ t th d dh n p ph b bh m
y r l v ś ṣ s h ḻ ḻh