Table of Vyañjana Sandhis
The final 8 consonants of a word are k, ṅ, ṭ, t, n, p, m and ḥ. The voiced consonants that can start a word are g, gh, j, d, dh, n, b, bh, m, y, r, l, v and h.
Final k
(1) k + voiced consonant = g + voiced consonant
(2) k + (n,m) = ṅ + (n,m)
(3) k + ś = k + ch
(4) k + h = g + gh
Final ṭ
(1) ṭ + voiced consonant = ḍ + voiced consonant
(2) ṭ + (n,m) = ṇ + (n,m)
(3) ṭ + ś = ṭ + ch
(4) ṭ + h = ḍ + ḍh
Final t
(1) t + voiced consonant = d + voiced consonant
(2) t + (n,m) = n + (n,m)
(3) t + h = d + dh
(4) t + j = j + j
(5) t + l = l + l
(6) t + (c, ch) = c + (c, ch)
(7) t + ś = c + ch / c + ś
Final n
(1) n + l = nasal l + l
(2) n + (c, ch, j) = ñ + (c, ch, j)
(3) n + ś = ñ + ch / ñ + ś
(4) n + s = n + t + s (optional but commonly used)
ān + vowel = ām̐ + vowel / ān + vowel (4.65, 66, 73, 80)
īn + vowel = īm̐r + vowel / īn + vowel (4.70, 73, 80)
ūn + vowel = ūm̐r + vowel / ūn + vowel (4.70,71, 80)
ṝn + vowel = ṝn + vowel / ṝm̐r + vowel (4.70, 80)
ān + c = ām̐ś + c / āñ + c (4.9, 74, 75, 80)
īn + c = īm̐ś + c (4.9, 74, 80)
ūn + c = ūm̐ś + c / ūñ + c (4.9, 74, 75, 80)
ṝn + c = ṝm̐ś + c / ṝñ + c (4.9, 74, 80)
an + t = an + t / am̐s + t (4.76, 80)
ān + t = ān + t / ām̐s + t (4.76, 80)
ān + p = ān + p / ām̐ḥ + p (4.78, 80)
ṝn + p = ṝn + p / ṝm̐ḥ + p (4.78, 79, 80)
ān + y = ān + y / ām̐ + y (4.68, 80)
īn + y = īn + y / īm̐r + y (4.69, 80)
ūn + y = ūn + y / ūm̐r + y (4.69, 80)
ān + r = ān + r / ām̐ + r (4.68, 80)
ān + v = ān + v / ām̐ + v (4.68, 80)
īn + v = īn + v / īm̐r + v (4.69, 80)
īn + h = īm̐r + h (4.69, 80)
Note: In all the Sandhi rules above, in which the final n is either dropped, or changed to r, ś, s, or ḥ the final n behaves like the Visarjanīya. Compare with the following Visarjanīya rules:
āḥ + vowel = ā + vowel
āḥ + voiced consonant = ā + voiced consonant
(nāmin vowel)ḥ + vowel = (nāmin vowel)r + vowel
(nāmin vowel)ḥ + voiced consonant = (nāmin vowel)r + voiced consonant
ḥ + c = ś + c
ḥ + t = s + t
ḥ + p = ḥ + p (Vikrānta Sandhi)
n remains always unchanged before:
k, kh, g, gh, d, dh, n, b, bh, m, and ṣ.
Examples:
Note: The transliteration used for the alphabet according Ṛgveda Prātiśākhya is as follows:
a, ā, ṛ, ṝ, i, ī, u, ū, e, o, ai, au (ḷ) (ī3)
k, kh, g, gh, ṅ
c, ch, j, jh, ñ
ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ
t, th, d, dh, n
p, ph, b, bh, m
y, r, l, v
h, ś, ṣ, s, ḥ, CH, F, ṁ (CH=Jīhvamūlīya; F=Upadhmanīya)
[ ḻ = retroflex l, m̐ = Anunāsika ]
(i.p.) = in the interior of a Pāda
(e.p) = at the end of a Pāda
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kṛṇvan | aketave = kṛṇvannaketave 6.15 (RV 1.6.3)
vṛṣan | agne = vṛṣannagne 6.15 (RV 10.191.1)
tasmin | agnau = tasminnagnau 6.15 (RV 10.88.7)
saḥ | devān | ā | iha (i.p.) = sa devām̐ eha 4.65 (RV 1.1.2)
asmān | avantu (i.p.) = asmām̐ avantu 4.65 (RV 4.31.10)
lokān | akalpayan (i.p.) = lokām̐ akalpayan 4.65 (RV 10.90.4)
etāvān | asya (i.p.) = etāvānasya 4.73 (RV 10.90.3)
vāyavyān (e.p.) | āraṇyān = vāyavyānāraṇyān (RV 10.90.8)
ajrān (e.p.) | ṛju = ajrām̐ ṛju 4.66 (RV 4.1.17)
raśmīn | iva (i.p.) = raśmīm̐riva 4.70 (RV 1.141.11)
atithīn (e.p.) | atha = atithīnatha (RV 5.50.3)
vasūn | iha (i.p.) = vasūm̐riha 4.70 (RV 1.45.1)
śatrūn (e.p) | anu = śatrūnanu (RV 10.120.1)
stotṝn | indrasya = stotṝnindrasya (RV 7.55.4)
nṝn | abhi = nṝm̐rabhi 4.71 (RV 5.54.15)
jinvan | kośam = jinvankośam (RV 9.12.6)
āraṇyān | grāmyāḥ = āraṇyāngrāmyāḥ (RV 10.90.8)
aukṣan | ghṛtaiḥ = aukṣanghṛtaiḥ (RV 3.9.9)
vanvan | cyavānaḥ = vanvañcyavānaḥ 4.9 (RV 10.61.2)
samudrān | caturaḥ = samudrām̐ścaturaḥ 4.74 (RV 9.33.6)
yjāyān | ca = yjāyām̐śca (RV 10.90.3)
asmān | ca | tān | ca = asmāñca tām̐śca 4.75, 4.74 (RV 2.1.16)
śreyān | cikituṣe =śreyāñcikituṣe 4.9 (RV 6.41.4)
sūrīn | cit =sūrīm̐ścit 4.74 (RV 1.173.8)
śimyūn | ca = śimyūm̐śca 4.74 (RV 1.100.18)
paśūn | ca =paśūñca 4.9, 4.75 (RV 1.72.6)
sthātṝn | caratham =sthātṝñcaratham 4.9 (RV 1.72.6)
nṝn | cyautnaḥ = nṝm̐ścyautnaḥ 4.74 (RV 10.50.4)
gacchan | jāraḥ = gacchañjāraḥ 4.9 (RV 9.39.4)
vṛtrahan-tamaḥ = vṛtrahantamaḥ (RV 9.1.3)
ā-vadan | tvam = āvadam̐stvam 4.76 (RV 2.43.3)
asmin | te = asminte (RV 4.20.10)
paśūn | tān = paśūntān (RV 10.90.8)
parvatān | tiraḥ = parvatāntiraḥ (RV 1.19.7)
tān | te = tām̐ste 4.76 (RV 9.91.5)
jujurvān | daśame = jujurvāndaśame (RV 1.158.6)
takṣan | dhenum = takṣandhenum (RV 1.20.3)
ava-ahan | navatīḥ = avāhannavatīḥ (RV 9.61.1)
asmin | puṣyantu = asminpuṣyantu (RV 10.19.3)
garutmān | pūrvaḥ = garutmānpūrvaḥ (RV 10.149.3)
sva-tavān | pāyuḥ = svatavānpāyuḥ (RV 4.2.6)
stotṝn | pāhi = stotṝnpāhi (RV 9.56.4)
nṝn | pāhi | asura = nṝnpāhyasura (RV 1.174.1)
nṝn | pāhi | śṛṇudhī = nṝm̐ḥ pāhi śṛṇudhī 4.79 (RV 8.84.3)
ajanayan | brahma = ajanayanbrahma (RV 10.61.7)
sadāvan | bhāgam = sadāvanbhāgam (RV 1.24.3)
mūrdhan | mama = mūrdhanmama (RV 10.125.7)
vi-oman | yasmin = vyomanyasmin (RV 1.164.39)
devān | yadi = devānyadi (RV 1.27.13)
svavān | yātu = svavām̐ yātu 4.68 (RV 1.118.1)
trīn | yuktān = trīnyuktān (RV 1.126.5)
sakhīn | yān = sakhīm̐ryān 4.69 (RV 4.35.7)
sindhūn | yaḥ = sindhūnyaḥ (RV 2.12.3)
dasyūn | yonau = dasyūm̐ryonau 4.69 (RV 1.63.4)
vi-ghnan | rakṣāṁsi = vighnanrakṣāṁsi (RV 9.17.3)
viśvān | rājan = viśvānrājan (10.60.6)
pīvaḥ-annān | rayi-vṛdhaḥ = pīvoannām̐ rayivṛdhaḥ 4.68 (RV 7.91.3)
jigivān | lakṣam = jigivā(nasalized l)lakṣam 4.8 (RV 2.12.4)
yasmin | loke = yasmi(nasalized l)loke 4.8 (RV 9.113.7)
prīṇan | vṛṣā = prīṇanvṛṣā (RV 9.5.1)
ādityān | viṣṇum = ādityānviṣṇum (10.141.3)
dadvān | vā = dadvām̐ vā 4.68 (RV 10.132.3)
sūrīn | vaṣaṭ = sūrīnvaṣaṭ (RV 10.115.9)
panīn | vacaḥ-bhiḥ = panīm̐rvacobhiḥ 4.69 (RV 6.39.2)
avindan | hṛdi = avindanhṛdi (RV 10.129.4)
panīn | hatam = panīm̐rhatam 4.69 (RV 1.184.2)
sīdan | śyenaḥ = sīdañchyenaḥ 4.9, 12 (RV 9.65.19)
hemantān | śatam = hemantāñchatam 4.9, 12 (RV 10.161.4)
daśasyan | ṣaṣṭim = daśasyanṣaṣṭim (RV 6.26.6)
dan | ṣaṭ-akṣam = danṣaḻakṣam (RV 10.99.6)
vṛṣan | stotāram = vṛṣantstotāram 4.17 (RV 9.51.4)
asmān | su = asmāntsu 4.17 (RV 8.80.6)
mātṝn | sindhūn = mātṝntsindhūn 4.17 (10.35.2)
raśmīn | sam = raśmīntsam 4.17 (RV 1.144.3)
Final p
(1) p + voiced consonant = b + voiced consonant
(2) p + (n,m) = m + (n,m)
(3) p + ś = p + ch
(4) p + h = b + bh
Final m
(1) m + (k, kh, g, gh) = ṅ + (k, kh, g, gh)
(2) m + (c, ch, j) = ñ + (c, ch, j)
(3) m + (t, th, d, dh, n) = n + (t, th, d, dh, n)
(4) m + y = nasal y + y
(5) m + l = nasal l + l
(6) m + v = nasal v + v
(7) m + (r, h, ś, ṣ, s) = ṁ + (r, h, ś, ṣ, s)
Final ḥ
Shown below is a chart of all the Visarjanīya Sandhis given in Chapter 4 of Ṛgveda Prātiśākhya along with examples of these Sandhis from Ṛgveda. Note: CH refers to Jihvāmūlīya, F to Upadhmānīya. An asterisk (*) denotes Sandhis that are special exceptions to the general rules. A double asterisk (**) refers to Upācarita Sandhis, which apply in compound words and between separate words in specified cases (e.g., brahmanaspati, vasyasaskṛdhi).
(1) āḥ + voiced consonant = ā + voiced consonant (4.24)
(2) aḥ + voiced consonant = o + voiced consonant (4.25)
(3) vowel (except a, ā) + ḥ + vowel = vowel (except a, ā) + r + vowel (4.27)
(4) (a, ā) + rhotazised ḥ + vowel = (a, ā) + r + vowel (4.27)*
(5) vowel (except a, ā) + ḥ + voiced consonant= vowel (except a, ā) + r + voiced consonant (4.27)
(6) (a, ā) + rhotazised ḥ + voiced consonant = (a, ā) + r + voiced consonant (4.27)*
(7) (long vowel + rhotacized ḥ) + r = long vowel + r (4.28)*
(8) (a, i, u) + rhotacized ḥ + r = (ā, ī, ū) + r (4.29)*
(9) ḥ + (k, kh) = (CH / ḥ) + (k, kh) (CH is Jihvāmūlīya) (4.31/4.33)
(10) ḥ + (c, ch) = ś + (c, ch) (4.31)
(11) ḥ + (t, th) = s + (t, th) (4.31)
(12) ḥ + (p, ph) = (F / ḥ) + (p, ph) (F is Upadhmānīya) (4.31/4.33)
(13) ḥ + (kṣ, ts) = ḥ + (kṣ, ts) (4.31)*
(14) ḥ + ś = (ś / ḥ) + ś (4.32/4.34)
(15) ḥ + ṣ = (ṣ / ḥ) + ṣ (4.32/4.34)
(16) ḥ + cerebralized ṣ = ṣ + ṣ (4.32)*
(17) ḥ + s = (s / ḥ) + s (4.32/4.34)
(18) ḥ+(śc, st, sth, ṣṭ, ṣṭh, sp)=(śc, st, sth, ṣṭ, ṣṭh, sp) (4.36)*
(19) (aḥ, āḥ) + (k, p) = (as, ās) + (k,p) (4.41-64)**
(20) (nāmin vowel) ḥ + (k,p) = (nāmin vowel) ṣ + (k,p) (4.41-64)**
Examples for Visarjanīya Sandhis
Note: The numbers in parentheses refer to the Sandhi number in the chart.
*prātaḥ + agnim = prātaragnim (4)
vāyuḥ + ajāyata = vāyurajāyata (3)
devebhiḥ + ā = devebhirā (3)
pūrvebhiḥ + ṛṣi-bhiḥ = pūrvebhirṛṣibhiḥ (3)
*prātaḥ + indram = prātarindram (4)
ṛṣi-bhiḥ + īḍyaḥ = ṛṣibhirīḍyaḥ (3)
nūtanaiḥ + uta = nūtanairuta (3)
adadhuḥ + katidhā = adadhuCHkatidhā / adadhuḥ katidhā (9)
rāyanyaḥ + kṛtaḥ = rāyanyaCHkṛtaḥ / rāyanyaḥ kṛtaḥ (9)
*gūrtavacaḥ-tamaḥ + kṣodaḥ = gūrtavacastamaḥ kṣodaḥ (11,13)
**vasyasaḥ + kṛdhi = vasyasaskṛdhi (19)
**niḥ-kṛtam = niṣkṛtam (20)
vedaḥ + khidati = vedaCHkhidati / vedaḥ khidati (9)
yaḥ + gopāḥ = yo gopāḥ (2)
yoniḥ + ghṛte = yonirghṛte (5)
jātaḥ + cakṣoḥ = jātaścakṣoḥ (10)
agniḥ + ca = agniśca (10)
kaḥ + chandasām = kaśchandasām (10)
ataḥ + jyāyān = ato jyāyān (2)
devāḥ + tāni = devāstāni (11)
yajuḥ + tasmāt = yajustasmāt (11)
devaḥ + devebhiḥ = devo devebhiḥ (2)
bhūmiḥ + diśaḥ = bhūmirdiśaḥ (5)
*doṣā-vastaḥ + dhiyā = doṣāvastardhiyā (6)
īḍyaḥ + nūtanaiḥ = īḍyo nūtanaiḥ (2)
puruṣaḥ + pādaḥ = puruṣaFpādaḥ / puruṣaḥ pādaḥ (12)
**iḻaḥ + pade = iḻaspade (19)
**brahmanaḥ + pate = brahmanaspate (19)
**catuḥ-pāt = catuṣpāt (20)
**vāstoḥ + patim = vāstoṣpatim (20)
svādoḥ + phalasya = svādoFphalasya / svādoḥ phalasya (12)
vāyuḥ + bṛhaspatiḥ = vāyurbṛhaspatiḥ (5)
namaḥ + bharantaḥ = namo bharantaḥ (2)
candramāḥ + manasaḥ = candramā manasaḥ (1)
īśānaḥ + yat = īśāno yat (2)
devāḥ + yajnam = devā yajnam (1)
*stomebhiḥ + rudram = stomebhī rudram (8)
*yuvoḥ + rajāṁsi = yuvo rajāṁsi (7)
suma-daṁśuḥ + lalāmīḥ = sumadaṁśurlalāmīḥ (5)
viśvataḥ + vṛtvā = viśvato vṛtvā (2)
gāvaḥ + ha = gāvo ha (2)
agniḥ + hotā = agnirhotā (5)
diśaḥ + śrotrāt = diśaśśrotrāt / diśaḥ śrotrāt (14)
devīḥ + ṣaṭ + urvīḥ = devīṣṣaḻurvīḥ / devīḥ ṣaḻurvīḥ (15)
manaḥ + saha = manassaha / manaḥ saha (17)
sam-itiḥ + samānī = samitissamāni / samitiḥ samānī (17)
*niḥ-sidhvarīḥ = niḥ-ṣidhvarīḥ per 5.21 = niṣṣidhvarīḥ (16)
*mandi-bhiḥ + stomebhiḥ = mandibhi stomebhiḥ (18)