Yukon Flats

Alaska

103rd National Monument

10,600,000 Acres

Established by Presidential Proclamation: December 1, 1978 by President Jimmy Carter (Proclamation 4627)

Abolished as a National Monument: December 2, 1980 by the 96th Congress

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Flats_National_Monument

Transferred to U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) by Section 302(9) of the ANILCA to become the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge.

Some sources cite this as an abolished monument, but it does not appear on the National Park Service's list of 11 abolished monuments. To me, it seems even more "abolished" than Misty Fiords, which does appear on the list... Especially considering the USFWS' explanation, "On December 1, 1978, President Jimmy Carter used his authority under the Antiquities Act of 1906 to create 17 national monuments in Alaska; included was the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Monument. When the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) was passed on December 2, 1980, the monument designation was dropped, boundary adjustments were made, and the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge was created. "

It should be noted that President Carter's proclamation does not include the word "Wildlife" in the name of the monument he created.

Section 305 of the ANILCA states that this act overrides any proclamations in place involving the new National Wildlife Refuge System units, including Proclamation 4627.

To me, it sure sounds like Yukon Flats belongs in the Abolished Monuments list, and that's where I am sticking it.

Purpose: Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge

U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service

On December 1, 1978, President Jimmy Carter used his authority under the Antiquities Act of 1906 to create 17 national monuments in Alaska; included was the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Monument. When the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) was passed on December 2, 1980, the monument designation was dropped, boundary adjustments were made, and the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge was created.

Section 302(9)(B) of ANILCA sets forth the following major purposes for which the Yukon Flats Refuge was established and shall be managed:

i.to conserve fish and wildlife populations and habitats in their natural diversity including, but not limited to, canvasbacks and other migratory birds, Dall sheep, bears, moose, wolves, wolverines and other furbearers, caribou (including participation in coordinated ecological studies and management of the Porcupine and Fortymile caribou herds), and salmon;

ii.to fulfill the international treaty obligations of the United States with respect to fish and wildlife and their habitats;

iii.to provide, in a manner consistent with the purposes set forth in (i) and (ii), the opportunity for continued subsistence uses by local residents; and

iv.to ensure, to the maximum extent practicable and in a manner consistent with the purposes set forth in (i), water quality and necessary water quantity within the refuge

The ANILCA also required the development of a management plan, with appropriate reviews, for the refuge. In 1987, an environmental impact statement and final plan were released that reflected public concerns and issues, federal mandates, and the alternatives considered. The final document, known as a comprehensive conservation plan (CCP), provides direction for the management of the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge. For more information, view the summary of the CCP decisions, the Record of Decision (pdf).

https://www.fws.gov/refuge/yukon_flats/about/purpose.html

Proclamation 4627—Yukon Flats National Monument

December 1, 1978

http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=30246

The Yukon Flats National Monument exemplifies the largest and most complete example of an interior Alaskan solar basin with its associated ecosystem. The mountain-ringed Yukon Flats basin straddles the Arctic Circle and is bisected by the Yukon River.

The physiography of this basin, coupled with the continuous sunlight of the summer months, results in a climatological phenomenon in the basin of warmer summer temperatures and less cloudiness, precipitation and wind than in surrounding areas. These factors produce a lush wetland area which makes the Yukon Flats basin one of North America's most productive wildlife habitats. The pristine ecological nature of the Yukon Flats offers an excellent opportunity for study of the factors contributing to the immense productivity of the solar basin areas.

The Yukon Flats contributes significant populations of several species of waterfowl to all four of the continent's flyways, including 10-25 percent of the North American breeding population of canvasback ducks. This area is also significant for its capacity to provide nesting for ducks displaced from Canadian pothole provinces in drought years. The productivity, migration flows and key habitat for particular species offer abundant scientific research possibilities.

Additionally, the area produces a unique race of salmon which migrate over 2,'000 miles from the sea to spawn. This genetic capability is unknown elsewhere.

From prehistoric times, the area's rich populations of furbearers have attracted humans to the area. The establishment of Fort Yukon, the first English speaking settlement in Alaska, was directly related to the Hudson Bay Company's fur trade. The area's preservation offers to the scientist the opportunity to investigate the life and society of the peoples which utilized these resources.

The land withdrawn and reserved by this Proclamation for the protection of the geological, historical, biological and other phenomena enumerated above supports now, as it has in the past, the unique subsistence culture of the local residents. The continued existence of this culture, which depends on subsistence hunting, and its availability for study, enhance the historic and scientific values of the natural objects protected herein because of the ongoing interaction of the subsistence culture with those objects. Accordingly, the opportunity for the local residents to engage in subsistence hunting is a value to be protected and will continue under the administration of the monument.

Section 2 of the Act of June 8, 1906 (34 Stat. 225, 16 U.S.C. 431), authorizes the President, in his discretion, to declare by public proclamation historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest that are situated upon the lands owned or controlled by the Government of the United States to be national monuments, and to reserve as part thereof parcels of land, the limits of which in all cases shall be confined to the smallest area compatible with the proper care and management of the objects to be protected.

Now, Therefore, I, Jimmy Carter, President of the United States of America, by the authority vested in me by Section 2 of the Act of June 8, 1906 (34 Stat. 225, 16 U.S.C. 431), do proclaim that there are hereby set apart and reserved as the Yukon Flats National Monument all lands, including submerged lands, and waters owned or controlled by the United States within the boundaries of the area depicted as Yukon Flats National Monument on the map numbered FWS-81-001514 attached to and forming a part of this Proclamation. The area reserved consists of approximately 10,600,000 acres, and is the smallest area compatible with the proper care and management of the objects to be protected. Lands, including submerged lands, and waters within these boundaries not owned by the United States shall be reserved as a part of the monument upon acquisition of title thereto by the United States.

All lands, including submerged lands, and all waters within the boundaries of this monument are hereby appropriated and withdrawn from entry, location, selection, sale or other disposition under the public land laws, other than exchange. There is also reserved all water necessary to the proper care and management of those objects protected by this monument and for the proper administration of the monument in accordance with applicable laws.

The establishment of this monument is subject to valid existing rights, including, but not limited to, valid selections under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, as amended (43 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), and under or confirmed in the Alaska Statehood Act (48 U.S.C. Note preceding Section 21 ).

Nothing in this Proclamation shall be deemed to revoke any existing withdrawal, reservation or appropriation, including any public land order effecting a withdrawal under Section 17(d)(1) of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, 43 U.S.C. 1616(d) (1); however, the national monument shall be the dominant reservation. Nothing in this Proclamation is intended to modify or revoke the terms of the Memorandum of Understanding dated September 1, 1972, entered into between the State of Alaska and the United States as part of the negotiated settlement of Alaska v. Morton, Civil No. A-48-72 (D. Alaska, Complaint filed April 10, 1972).

The Secretary of the Interior shall promulgate such regulations as are appropriate, including regulation of sport hunting, and of the opportunity to engage in a subsistence lifestyle by local residents. The Secretary may close this national monument, or any portion thereof, to subsistence uses of a particular fish, wildlife or plant population or to sport hunting of a particular fish or wildlife population if necessary for reasons of public safety, administration, or to ensure the natural stability or continued viability of such population.

Warning is 'hereby given to all unauthorized persons not to appropriate, injure, destroy or remove any feature of this monument and not to locate or settle upon any of the lands thereof.

In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this 1st day of December, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and seventy-eight, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and third.

JIMMY CARTER