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emergency preparedness, response and recovery.” (World Bank 2017) immunology The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction. indicator (as defined in this report) A measurable variable used as a representation of an associated factor, quantity, or characteristic related to global health security International Health Regulations (2005) A legally-binding instrument of international law that aims to a) assist countries to work together to save lives and livelihoods endangered by the international spread of diseases and other health risks, and b) avoid unnecessary interference with international trade and travel. The purpose and scope of IHR 2005 are to prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks, and which avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade (World Health Organization 2007) in vitro (Of a process) performed or taking place in a test tube, culture dish, or elsewhere outside a living organism in vivo (Of a process) performed or taking place in a living organism Joint External Evaluation A voluntary, collaborative process to assess a country’s capacity under the IHR 2005 to prevent, detect, and rapidly respond to public health threats whether occurring naturally or due to deliberate or accidental events. (Global Health Security Agenda 2017a) JEE Alliance (Alliance for Country Assessments for Global Health Security and IHR Implementation) A platform that brings together like-minded actors from different countries, sectors, organizations and other stakeholders involved in health security. Formed on 22 May 2016 in Geneva, Switzerland, it supports country assessment processes and the resulting work on building country capacity for health security. It promotes transparency in exchanging information, supports linking national planning and implementation to follow on the results of evaluations, and aims at creating innovative solutions and opportunities for supporting country capacity building. (JEE Alliance 2017) x Likert scale A five (or seven) point scale which is used to allow the individual to express how much they agree or disagree with a particular statement. Typically used to measure attitudes or opinions. microbiology The study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye. This includes bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa and algae, collectively known as 'microbes'. These microbes play key roles in nutrient cycling, biodegradation/ biodeterioration, climate change, food spoilage, the cause and control of disease, and biotechnology. (Microbiology Society 2017) monitoring framework (as defined in this report) Evidence-based monitoring framework to track the performance of the international community and its key institutions in reducing a substantial global threat, and to regularly disseminate the results. The monitoring framework encompasses four content domains (see Figure 1), namely: 1)Strengthening public health capacity as a foundation; 2)Improving science, technology, and access; 3)Reinforcing risk analysis and incentives for action; 4)Strengthening global mechanisms. One Health One Health recognizes that the health of people is connected to the health of animals and the environment. The goal of One Health is to encourage the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines-working locally, nationally, and globally-to achieve the best health for people, animals, and our environment. For operational purposes, the World Bank and others define a collaborative One Health approach for strengthening systems to prevent, prepare, detect, respond to, and recover from infectious diseases and related hazards such as antimicrobial resistance, that threaten human health, animal health, and environmental health. One Health approach to surveillance and reporting is fundamental to improving global health security and development prospects. While using infectious diseases/AMR as a starting point, the scope of an operational definition of One Health can expand (e.g.