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Tomori, Nigerian Academy of Science Liana Rosenkrantz Woskie, Harvard Global Health Institute This report was edited by Kim Reimold and Katrina Geddes of the Harvard Global Health Institute. v ACRONYMS vi AAS African Academy of Sciences ACEGID African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases AMR Antimicrobial resistance (including antibiotic resistance) BARDA Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (U.S.) CBD Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) CDC U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CEPI Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations CSO Civil Society Organization CSR Corporate Social Responsibility EID Emerging Infectious Disease EIU Economist Intelligence Unit EUAL Emergency Use Assessment and Listing Procedure (WHO) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FENSA WHO Framework of Engagement with Non-State Actors G20 Group of Twenty (International Forum) GEVIT Global Ebola Vaccine Implementation Team GHRF Commission on a Global Health Risk Framework for the Future GHSA Global Health Security Agenda GHS Index Global Health Security Index GOARN Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (WHO) HGHI Harvard Global Health Institute HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome IANPHI International Association of National Public Health Institutes IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee (UN and non-UN humanitarian partners) ICG International Coordinating Group IDA International Development Association (World Bank’s concessional fund) IDSR Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (CDC) IEG Independent Evaluation Group (World Bank) IHR International Health Regulations IMF International Monetary Fund INFORM Index for Risk Management IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IRB Institutional Review Board IWG International Working Group on Financing Preparedness (World Bank) JEE Joint External Evaluation (WHO) JHU Johns Hopkins University LMIC Low- and middle-income countries vii MERS-CoV Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MTA Material Transfer Agreement NAM U.S. National Academy of Medicine NRA National Regulatory Authority NIH National Institutes of Health (U.S.) NTI Nuclear Threat Initiative OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OIE World Organisation for Animal Health (Office International des Epizooties) PAHO Pan American Health Organization PEF Pandemic Emergency Financing Facility (World Bank) PHEIC Public Health Emergency of International Concern PIP Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework PPDC Pandemic Product Development Committee PQ WHO Prequalification PSRT Private Sector Roundtable (GHSA) PVS Evaluation of Performance of Veterinary Services Evaluation (OIE) R&D Research and development RAND Corporation Research and Development Corporation REDISSE Regional Disease Surveillance Systems Enhancement (West Africa) SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SDGs Sustainable Development Goals (2030) SPP Strategic Partnership Portal (WHO) TPP Target Product Profile (WHO R&D Blueprint) UHC Universal Health Coverage UN United Nations UNAIDS The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development WEF World Economic Forum WHA World Health Assembly WHO World Health Organization All dollar amounts in this report are U.S. dollars unless specified otherwise. advance market commitments (AMCs) A binding contract, typically offered by a government or other financial entity, used to guarantee a viable market for a product (e.g. vaccine or therapeutic) once it is successfully developed. Generally AMCs are used in circumstances where the cost of developing a new product is too high for the private sector without advanced purchases. antimicrobial resistance (AMR) The ability of a microorganism (e.g. bacteria, viruses, fungi, and some parasites) to stop an antimicrobial (e.g. antibiotics, antivirals, or antimalarials) from working against it. Treatments thus become ineffective