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The following individuals are acknowledged for their contributions:Laterality The internal representation and sensory awareness of both sides of one’s own body.Learning disabilities Disorders in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding spoken or written language including unexpected difficulties in learning in individuals who otherwise possess the intelligence, experience, and opportunity for normal achievement.68 Learning Related Vision ProblemsMagnocellular pathway A processing pathway from the retina, through the lateral geniculate nucleus to the visual cortex, characterized by fast temporal and low spatial resolution and high motion sensitivity.Ocular motility A term referring to two types of eye movements, smooth pursuit and saccades, in addition to fixation maintenance.Phoneme The sound of a letter or letter combination; the smallest unit of speech.Phonological processing A term referring to the rules associated with the sounds of the language, includes comparison of the beginning, middle, and ending sounds of words, rhyme detection, sound vocalization, and blending, among other skills. Rapid naming The ability to name rapidly familiar visual symbols:letters, numbers, colors, and simple objects.Vergence The disjunctive movement of the eyes in which the visual axes move toward each other or away from each other.Vision related learning problems Deficits in visual efficiency and visual information --processing skills that affect learning.Vision therapy A sequence of activities individually prescribed and monitored to develop efficient visual skills and information processing.Visual closure The capacity to identify an object accurately when incomplete details are available for analysis.Visual discrimination The awareness of the distinctive features of objects and the symbols of written language.Visual efficiency A term referring to the basic neurophysiological processes that include visual acuity, refractive error, accommodation, vergence, and ocular motility.Appendix 69 Visual figure-ground perception The ability to select an object or aspecific feature of an object from a background of competing stimuli.Visual information processing skills Higher order functions, includingvisual perception and cognition, and their integration with motor,language, and attention systems.
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