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Vision related learning problems have a relatively high prevalence in the population. They respond favorably to the appropriate use of lenses, prisms, and vision therapy, either alone or in combination. Vision therapy is usually conducted in-office, and home support activities are prescribed. The goal of optometric intervention is to improve visual function to the appropriate level.The diagnosis of a learning related vision problem must be accurate and thorough. It is likewise essential that the optometrist discuss the diagnosis with the parents or caregivers, and the patient, communicate with other professionals as required, and develop a management plan. Optometric intervention should be coordinated with other education and health professionals’ management of the associated learning problem, to ensure the maximum opportunity for improvement.References 39III. REFERENCES1. Flax N. Visual function in dyslexia. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom 1968;45:574-87.2. Flax N. The eye and learning disabilities. J Am Optom Assoc 1972; 43:612-7.3. Solan HA. Learning disabilities: the role of the developmental optometrist. J Am Optom Assoc 1979;50:1259-65.4. Grosvenor T. Are visual anomalies related to reading disability? J Am Optom Assoc 1979;48:510-9.5. Hoffman LG. The role of the optometrist in the diagnosis and management of learning-related vision problems. In: Scheiman MM, Rouse MW, eds. Optometric management of learning-related vision problems, 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Elsevier, 2006.6. American Academy of Optometry, American Optometric Association. Vision, learning and dyslexia: a joint organizational policy statement. J Am Optom Assoc 1997;68:284-6.7. Becoming a Nation of Readers: the report of the commission onreading. Washington, DC: National Institute of Education, 1985.8. McAlister WH, Garzia RP, Nicholson SB. Public health issues and reading disability. In: Garzia RP, ed. Vision and reading. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, 1996.9. Smith M, Mikulecky L, Kibby MW, et al. What will be the demands of literacy in the workplace in the next millennium? Reading Res Q 2000;35:378–83.10. Belfiore ME, Defoe TA, Folinsbee S, et al. Reading work: literacies in the new workplace. Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004.40 Learning Related Vision Problems11. Elbaum B, Vaughn S. Self-concept and students with learning disabilities. In: Swanson HL, Graham S, Harris KR, eds. Handbook of Learning Disabilities. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 2005.12. Nowicki EA. A meta-analysis of the social competence of children with learning disabilities compared to classmates of low and average to high achievement. Learn Disabil Q 2003;26:171-88.13. Kauffman JM, Trent SC. Issues in service delivery for students with learning disabilities. In: Wong BYL, ed. Learning about learning disabilities. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.14. Borsting E. Visual perception and reading. In: Garzia RP, ed.Vision and reading. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, 1996.15. Torgesen JK. Conceptual, historical and research aspects of learning disabilities. In: Wong BYL, ed. Learning about learning disabilities. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.205. Computerized perceptual therapy (PTS II). Mishawaka, IN: Bernell VTP, 2007.VISION AND LEARNINGMany children and adults continue to struggle with learning in the classroom and the workplace. Advances in information technology, its expanding necessity, and its accessibility are placing greater demands on people for efficient learning and information processing.1,2Learning is accomplished through complex and interrelated processes, one of which is vision.
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