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The vertical subtest of the Developmental Eye Movement test (DEM) requires the rapid naming of numbers, with accuracy, presented in four vertical columns of 20 numbers each. The Rapid Automatized Naming Test requires naming as rapidly as possible the items presented on a chart (colors, lower-case letters, numbers, common objects). Each chart contains five rows of 10 stimuli. The Rapid Alternating Stimulus Test consists of two alternating stimulus tests (2-set letters and numbers, and 3-set letters, numbers and colors) comprised of 10 and 15, respectively, high-frequency stimuli that are randomly repeated in an array of five rows for a total of fifty stimulus items. The Rapid Naming subtest of the Dyslexia Screening Test measures the time taken to name a page full of outline pictures on a card.5. Executive FunctionsExecutive functions describe a set of cognitive abilities or brain processes that control and regulate other abilities and behaviors, such as attention, memory and motor skills.137-138 Executive functions include the ability to plan, initiate and terminate actions, to monitor and change strategy as required by the task at hand, and to adapt behavior when faced with new tasks and novel situations. Executive functions are required for any goal-directed behavior. They allow the anticipation of outcomes and adaptation to changing situations. The signs and symptoms of executive function deficiencies can be founding Table 8. Tests in this category are believed to measure the cognitive domains of sustainedT• Difficulty switching between tasks• Poor planning of visually oriented tasksThe Symbol Digit Modalities Test involves a simple substitution task. Using a visible reference key, the test requires the written pairing of specific numbers with given geometric figures within time constraints. Of tests in this category, the SDMT has the greatest requirement for visual-motor integration and visual memory skills.The Children’s Trail Making Test consists of parts A and B. In part A, a series of 25 quasi-randomly placed encircled numbers are connected in numerical order by pencil. Part B requires that 25 encircled numbers and letters be connected in numerical and alphabetical order, alternating between the numbers and letters. For example, the first number "1" is followed by the first letter "A," followed by the second number "2" then28 Learning Related Vision Problemssecond letter "B" and so on. The numbers and letters are placed in quasi-random order. The primary variables of interest are the total time to completion for parts A and B.The Children’s Color Trail Test is similar but uses colors and numbers rather than letters, because they are easier for children to process and recognize than letters. In Part I of the CCTT, quasi-randomly placed numbers from 1 through 15, printed on two different colored circles (pink and yellow) are connected in consecutive order by pencil.
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