The engine oil keeps the moving parts lubricated to minimise friction and reduce wear. The oil filter traps abrasive dust, dirt, and sediments that enter through the air intake and result from combustion leaking past the piston.

• Check oil level and top up if the level is low.

• Oil change intervals are subject to manufacturer specifications. The oil & the oil filter are replaced at the same time.

Energy is lost during combustion in the form of heat. The metal / alloy engine parts must be kept at a constant temperature to ensure optimal clearance minimising friction. Coolant concentration determines the boiling / freezing point. Reserve alkalinity determines the level of corrosion protection.

• Check coolant level in the expansion tank

• Use a hydrometer to ensure 1:1 ratio of concentrate & distilled water.

• Use a coolant test strip to ensure pH is above 6.5

Restricted air flow can alter the fuel / air ratio reducing combustion efficiency, increasing emissions and reducing power output.

• Clean the filter by striking on a flat surface and gently brushing. Avoid using compressed air as it forces the contaminants into the element.

• Filter change intervals are subject to manufacturer specifications however should be shortened under dusty conditions.

Fluid can leak from a variety of sources but will always be visible as grime (fluid mixed with dust/dirt) around the leaking part or under the vehicle on the workshop floor.

Stopping the leak could be as simple as tightening a clamp or replacing a ruptured hose. More complex repairs could include replacing the gasket between 2 parts.

The colour, smell & consistency of the fluid is a quick way to tell its origin.

• Inspect all hoses for grime

• Inspect the engine for grime

• Inspect the workshop floor for drips

Belt failure can damage the engine (loss of drive to the water pump will cause overheating) or cause the engine to stop completely (loss of drive to the alternator will cut electrical power). Belts also provide the drive for the power steering and A/C fluid pumps.

• Inspect belt condition (cracks / frays)

• Inspect belt tension

• Inspect pulley condition (cracks / dents)

• Listen for worn idler bearings

The fuel filter is critical in removing contaminants from the fuel (including water) prior to blocking the fuel injectors and restricting fuel flow into the combustion chamber.

Many modern petrol cars have an integrated pump / filter inside the fuel tank.

• Filter change intervals are subject to manufacturer specifications however should be shortened where fuel flow issues are effecting the operation of the engine.

The spark ignites the air-fuel mixture in the cylinders and requires little maintenance owing to its long life span. The colour of the spark plug is an indicator of the combustion efficiency and the function of the air intake & fuel systems.

• Cleaning may be required to remove soot accumulated as a result of fuel / air ratio issues.

• Plug change intervals are subject to manufacturer specifications.