Cars

The main purpose of the car is to perform transport work. Road transport in industrialized countries occupies a leading position compared to other modes of transport in terms of passenger traffic. A modern car consists of 15-20 thousand parts, of which 150-300 are the most important and require the highest operating costs. The concept includes a passenger car, a truck, a bus, a trolley bus, an armored personnel carrier, but does not include an agricultural tractor and a motorcycle.

Passenger car - with a gross weight of not more than 3500 kg for the carriage of passengers (from 1 to 8, not including the driver) and baggage. Cars are available with closed bodies (sedan, limousine, coupe, hatchback, station wagon, van and minibus) and with bodies whose top is retractable (convertible, roadster, landau and phaeton).

Toyota Hulix Surf. 

Lorry (truck) - a car for the transport of goods. Special-purpose and special-purpose vehicles are also produced on freight chassis.

Particularly heavy-duty vehicle - a car, road train or other motor vehicle, the axle loads of which exceed 120 kN (12 tons of force), and the width dimension is more than 2.5 m.

Gazelle van

Off-road vehicle - a passenger car or truck with a drive on more than one axis (or with a single axle drive, but with the possibility of locking the axial differential), adapted for movement outside paved roads. Off-road vehicles are equipped with transmissions with an extended range of gear ratios, as well as tires with a special tread pattern, often with centralized tire pressure adjustment and other technical features.

Off-road vehicle - a car adapted for movement on roads of all types, including without hard surface (dirt and field). Off-road vehicles are usually characterized by all-wheel drive, increased ground clearance.

The buggy is a lightweight SUV. Usually has an open frame structure.

Pickup - cargo-passenger modification based on a passenger car or SUV with an open platform with a tailgate. Carrying capacity from 150 to 4500 kg.

Floating Car (Amphibious Vehicle)

Flying car

Amphibious car LuAZ-967

A sports car is a car with high speed qualities, increased engine power and a low landing position.

A racing car is a car designed specifically for sports competitions.

Record-racing car - a car created specifically for setting records for cars (usually on a special track, without competing cars, exclusively by a stopwatch).

Fire truck

Bus - a car for transporting more than 8 passengers, not a trolleybus.

A trolley bus is a car designed to carry more than 8 passengers, powered by electricity from an external contact wire.

Tank truck

Container ship

By engine type:

Steam

Petrol

Diesel

Gas

Gas generator

Hydrogen

An electric car is a car that uses electric energy for its own batteries to move.

A hybrid car is a car that uses both an electric and a traditional internal combustion engine.

Special purpose vehicles (wheeled):

civilian use

tractor

ambulance

hearse (transport)

snow blower

truck crane

aerial platform

fire truck

police car

military purpose

armored car

wheeled armored personnel carrier

military vehicles

Specialized cars (wheeled):

civilian use

refrigerated truck

tank truck

Cars. Despite the wide variety of cars produced, their device can always be divided into three main parts: the chassis (composed of: transmission, chassis and control mechanisms - steering and brake system), the body (serves to accommodate people or goods) and the engine.

The first known drawings of the car (with a spring drive) belong to Leonardo da Vinci (p. 812R Codex Atlanticus), but neither the current instance, nor information about its existence has survived. In 2004, experts from the Museum of the History of Science from Florence were able to restore this car from the drawings, thereby proving the correctness of Leonardo's idea. In the Renaissance and later in several European countries, "self-propelled" carts and crews with a spring engine were built in single quantities to participate in masquerades and parades.

Ford Model T - a car manufactured from 1908 to 1927, was the first car in the world to be produced in million series, a little more than 15 million cars were produced In 1769, the French inventor Kunho tested the first model of a steam engine machine, known as the “Small Carto Kunho”, and in 1770 - the “Large Carto Kunho”. The inventor himself called it the "Fiery Cart" - it was intended to tow artillery pieces.

The Kunho Cart is considered the forerunner of not only a car, but also a steam locomotive, as it was driven by steam. In the 19th century, steam-drawn stagecoaches and rutiers (steam tractors, i.e. trackless steam locomotives) for ordinary roads were built in England, France and were used in several European countries, including Russia, but they were heavy, gluttonous and uncomfortable, so they were not widely used .

In 1791, the Russian inventor Ivan Kulibin made a “scooter cart”.

There were some cases of building cars as luxury goods. So, La Marquise (the official name is De Dion-Bouton et Trepardoux), built in 1884 and powered by steam, went down in history.

The advent of a lightweight, compact and powerful enough internal combustion engine has opened up great opportunities for the development of the car. In 1885, the German inventor Gottlieb Daimler, and in 1886 his compatriot Karl Benz made and patented the first self-propelled crews with gasoline engines. In 1895, Benz manufactured the first ICE bus. In 1896, Daimler manufactured the first taxi and truck. In the last decade of the 19th century, the automotive industry was born in Germany, France and England.

In the first quarter of the XX century, electric cars and cars with a steam engine became widespread. In 1900, about half of the cars in the United States were steam-driven, in the 1910s in New York, up to 70 thousand electric cars worked in taxis.

In the same 1900, Ferdinand Porsche constructed an electric car with four driving wheels, in which the electric motors driving them were located. Two years later, the Dutch company Spyker released a racing car with all-wheel drive, equipped with a center differential.

The first race car was equipped with a 35-liter engine. from. and was delivered to Emil Jellinek from DMG on December 22, 1900. This Mercedes was developed by Wilhelm Maybach, DMG's chief engineer, and included innovative design solutions: a long wheelbase, a wide track and a low center of gravity, a steel frame, a honeycomb radiator and a steering wheel. Lightweight and high-performance engine reached 75 km / h and could gain from 300 to 1000 revolutions per minute. It had 4 cylinders and the ratio of each cylinder to the piston stroke was 116 × 140 mm. Volume - 5918 cm³. For each pair of cylinders there was a carburetor, two camshafts and controlled intake valves, a low-voltage ignition magneto.

The Stanley brothers produced about 1,000 cars a year. In 1909, the brothers opened the first luxury hotel in Colorado and took a steam bus from the train station to the hotel, which was the actual beginning of car tourism. Stanley produced steam-powered cars until 1927. Despite a number of advantages (good traction, multi-fuel), steam cars left the stage by the 1930s due to their inefficiency and difficulties in operation.

A significant contribution to the widespread use of automobile transport was made by the American inventor and industrialist Henry Ford, who introduced the conveyor system for assembling cars since 1913.

In 1923, Benz manufactured the first truck with a diesel engine.