Cachexia

Cardiac cachexia

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6926416/

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6300810/

https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jchf.2024.03.003

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8946995/

Global cachexia, including cancer induced and cardiac cachexia, is a generalized process that involves edema-free muscle loss but may also affect the adipose tissue and other energetic reserves. It may also involve the bones. According to the 2008 criteria, cardiac cachexia is characterized by a loss of 5% of body weight during the last 12 months, without edema, a body mass index of <20 kg/m2 and the presence of at least three of the following clinical findings: decreased muscular strength, anorexia, low body mass free of fat, fatigue, elevated reactive C protein and IL-6, hypoalbuminemia < 3.2 g/dL, hemoglobin < 12 g/dL and anemia. Cachexia is a nutritional syndrome because nutrients such as protein and calories are required to reverse it, and anorectic components participate in it.

Cachexia in COPD

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4799856/

It is well established that the prevalence and related disease burden of cachexia is high in COPD and likely to increase in the near future, given the high and growing prevalence of the disease in an ageing population.

Pulmonary and extra‐pulmonary cross‐talk in COPD cachexia. (A) Altered brain responses to food stimuli; (B) muscle fibre type shifting and oxidative metabolism; (C) altered adipose tissue metabolism; (D) adipose tissue wasting; (E) limb muscle dysfunction; (F) respiratory muscle dysfunction; (G) osteoporosis; (H) altered gut integrity and reduced splanchnic extraction.

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