• imprecise consonants

• monopitch

• reduced stress

• harsh vocal quality

• monoloudness

• low pitch

• hypernasality

• strained vocal quality

• short phrases

(Shipley & McAfee, 2025)

• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

• Congenital Condition

• Infection

• Trauma

• Tumor

(Shipley & McAfee, 2025)