imprecise consonants
excess and equal stress
irregular articulatory breakdowns
distorted vowels
harsh voice
loudness control problems
variable nasality
(Shipley & McAfee, 2025)
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Congenital Condition
Infection
Toxins
Trauma
Tumor
(Shipley & McAfee, 2025)
Reduce rate
Rate modification
Hand/finger tapping
Rhythmic or metered cueing
Visual/auditory feedback
Modify pauses
Identify first letter on alphabet board
(Duffy, 2020)