monopitch
reduced stress
monoloudness
imprecise consonants
inappropriate silences
short rushes of speech
harsh voice
breathy voice
(Shipley & McAfee, 2025)
Drugs
Parkinson's disease
"5 for 5" respiratory tasks
Controlled exhalation tasks
Inspiratory checking
Maximum vowel prolongation
Inhale more deeply before speech
Speak at onset of exhalation
Terminate speech earlier during exhalatory cycle
Optimal breath group
Increase phrase length per breath group
Shorten phrases
Biofeedback
Clear speech
Strengthening exercises
Stretching
Exaggerate consonants
Integral stimulation
Phonetic placement
Phonetic derivation
Minimal contrasts
Intelligibility drills
Referential tasks
Rate modification
Hand/finger tapping
Rhythmic or metered cueing
Visual/auditory feedback
Modify pauses
Identify first letter on alphabet board
Breath group duration
Modify syllable duration and pause time
Across breath group tasks
Chunk by syntactic units
Contrastive stress tasks
Referential stress tasks
Voice activated masking devices
DAF
Pacing board
Metronome
Expiratory board/paddle
Ambulatory voice monitoring/feedback devices
Voice amplifier
Medialization thyroplasty
Injectable substances into larynx or velopharynx
Deep brain stimulation
Sinemet
l-Dopa
Deprenyl
Klonopin
(Duffy, 2020)