lecture fees from ZSPharma; current grant support from National Institutes of Health; and expert witness engagement for GranuFlo. RK declared receiving lecture fees from Baxter Healthcare. JP declared receiving consulting fees from Fresenius Medical Care, Baxter Healthcare, Otsuka, Boehringer Ingelheim; lecture fees from Baxter Healthcare; and current grant support from Canadian Institutes of Health Research and Baxter Healthcare. All the other authors declared no competing interests. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Drs. Marcello Tonelli and Valerie Luyckx for their contributions to the project and manuscript. We thank Sandrine Damster, research project manager at the International Society of Nephrology (ISN), and Alberta Kidney Disease Network (AKDN) staff (Ghennete Houston, Sue Szigety, and Sophanny Tiv) for their support with the organization and conduct of the survey and project management. We thank the ISN staff (Louise Fox and Luca Segantini) for their support. We thank the executive committee of the ISN, the ISN regional leadership, and the leaders of the ISN affiliate societies at regional and country levels for their support toward the success of this initiative. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Figure S1. Nephrologist density PMP from 121 countries grouped by ISN region. Figure S2. (A) Shortages in nephrology care providers from 121 countries grouped by World Bank income group. Figure S2. (B) Shortages in nephrology care providers from 121 countries grouped by ISN region. Supplementary material is linked to the online version of the paper at www.kisupplements.org. REFERENCES 1. World Health Organization. The world health report 2006 – working together for health. Available at: http://www.who.int/whr/2006/en/. 2. Reich MR, Harris J, Ikegami N, et al. Moving towards universal health coverage: lessons from 11 country studies. Lancet. 2016;387:811–816. 3. World Health Organization. Health workforce requirements for universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals. Available at: http://www.who.int/hrh/resources/health-observer17/en/. 4. Hill NR, Fatoba ST, Oke JL, et al. Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease–a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11: e0158765. 5. Couser WG, Remuzzi G, Mendis S, Tonelli M. The contribution of chronic kidney disease to the global burden of major noncommunicable diseases. Kidney Int. 2011;80:1258–1270. 6. [No authors listed] The global issue of kidney disease. Lancet. 2013;382:101. 7. Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;94:311–321. 8. Wang Y, Chen X, Song Y, et al. Association between obesity and kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int. 2008;73: 19–33. 9. Prakash S, O’Hare AM. Interaction of aging and chronic kidney disease. Semin Nephrol. 2009;29:497–503. 10. Liyanage T, Ninomiya T, Jha V, et al. Worldwide access to treatment for end-stage kidney disease: a systematic review. Lancet. 2015;385: 1975–1982. 11. Harley KT, Streja E, Rhee CM, et al. Nephrologist caseload and hemodialysis patient survival in an urban cohort. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24:1678–1687. 12. Sharif MU, Elsayed ME, Stack AG. The global nephrology workforce: emerging threats and potential solutions! Clin Kidney J. 2016;9:11–22. 13. Bello AK, Levin A, Manns BJ, et al. Effective CKD care in European countries: challenges and opportunities for health policy. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;65:15–25. 14. Parker MG, Ibrahim T, Shaffer R, et al. The future nephrology workforce: will there be one? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:1501–1506. 15. Mehrotra R, Shaffer RN, Molitoris BA. Implications of a nephrology workforce shortage for dialysis patient care. Semin Dialysis. 2011;24: 275–279. 16. Katz IJ, Gerntholtz T, Naicker S. Africa and nephrology: the forgotten continent. Nephron Clin Pract. 2011;117:C320–C326. 17. Manns BJ, Mendelssohn DC, Taub KJ. The economics of end-stage renal disease care in Canada: incentives and impact on delivery of care. Int J Health Care Finance Econ. 2007;7:149–169. 18. Field M. Addressing the global shortage of nephrologists. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2008;4:583. 19. The International Society of Nephrology (ISN). ISN Regions. 2017. Available at: https://www.theisn.org/about-isn/regions. Accessed August 23, 2017. 20. The World Bank. World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk. Availo AK, Levin A, Tonelli M, et al. Assessment of global kidney health care status. JAMA. 2017;317:1864–1881. 23. Mullan F, Frehywot S, Omaswa F, et al. Medical schools in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet. 2011;377:1113–1121. 24. Mullan F. The metrics of the physician brain drain. New Engl J Med. 2005;353:1810–1818. 25. World Health Organization. Health in 2015: from MDGs, millennium development goals