shortages. In high-income countries, yet again renal pathologists (72%) and vascular access coordinators (72%) were the categories with the highest reported shortages. Overall, shortages of all health care providers, with the exception of primary care physicians (PCPs) and pharmacists, were evident across all income groups (Supplementary Figure S2A). In the Africa ISN region, shortages in all providers were reported by more than 36% of countries. The most frequently review MA Osman et al.: Health workforce for nephrology care: existing manpower and training capacity 58 Kidney International Supplements (2018) 8, 52–63 reported shortages were of renal pathologists (100%) and dietitians (91%). More than one-half of the countries reported shortages of vascular access coordinators (88%), transplant coordinators (85%), counselors and/or psychologists (82%), dialysis technicians (76%), dialysis nurses (76%), and social workers (52%). Less than one-half of the countries reported shortages of laboratory technicians (42%) and pharmacists (36%). More countries reported shortages of nephrologists (85%) than of NPs (58%) or PCPs (39%) (Supplementary Figure S2B). In the Middle East ISN region, most countries (85%) reported shortages of nephrologists and renal pathologists. More than three-quarters (77%) of countries reported shortages of dialysis nurses, transplant coordinators, and dietitians. More than one-half (62%–69%) of countries reported a lack of counselors and/or psychologists, vascular access coordinators, and social workers. Less than one-half of the countries reported shortages of dialysis technicians (46%), pharmacists (46%), and laboratory technicians (23%). More countries reported shortages of NPs (62%) than of PCPs (23%) (Supplementary Figure S2B). In the Latin American and Caribbean ISN region, all countries (100%) reported a shortage of renal pathologists, while only 25% of countries reported a shortage of pharmacists. More than one-half of countries reported shortages of vascular access coordinators (94%), dialysis nurses (81%), transplant coordinators (69%), and dialysis technicians (63%). Less than one-half of the countries reported shortages of dietitians (56%), social workers (44%), counselors and/or psychologists (44%), and laboratory technicians (38%). More countries reported shortages of nephrologists (88%) than of NPs (75%) or PCPs (38%) (Supplementary Figure S2B). In the North and East Asia ISN region, all countries (100%) reported shortages of both vascular access coordinators and social workers. More than one-half of countries reported shortages of all providers with the exception of pharmacists (17%) and laboratory technicians (17%). More countries reported a shortage of nephrologists (67%) than of NPs (83%) or PCPs (50%) (Supplementary Figure S2B). In the South Asia ISN region, all countries (100%) reported a shortage of transplant coordinators. Eighty percent of countries reported shortages of all other providers. More countries reported shortages of nephrologists (80%) than of NPs (60%) or PCPs (40%) (Supplementary Figure S2B). In the OSEA ISN region, all countries (100%) reported a shortage of renal pathologists. More than 80% of countries reported shortages of transplant coordinators (92%), vascular access coordinators (92%), dietitians (92%), dialysis technicians (85%), dialysis nurses (85%), counselors and/or psychologists (85%), social workers (85%), and laboratory technicians (62%). More countries reported shortages of NPs (92%) than of nephrologists (85%) or PCPs (38%) (Supplementary Figure S2B). In the Eastern and Central European ISN region, most countries reported shortages of vascular access coordinators (82%), dietitians (76%), social workers (71%), counselors and/or psychologists (65%), renal pathologists (65%), and dialysis nurses (59%). Less than one-half of the countries reported shortages of transplant coordinators (47%) or dialysis technicians (35%). Few countries reported shortages of pharmacists (6%) or laboratory technicians (12%). More countries reported shortages of nephrologists (59%) than of NPs (47%) or PCPs (24%) (Supplementary Figure S2B). In the NIS and Russia ISN region, all countries (100%) reported a shortage of dietitians, whereas no country in the region reported a shortage of pharmacists. More than onehalf of countries reported shortages of counselors and/or psychologists (83%), transplant coordinators (67%), vascular access coordinators (67%), social workers (67%), or renal pathologists (67%). Few countries reported shortages of dialysis technicians (33%), laboratory technicians (33%), or dialysis nurses (17%). More countries reported shortages of nephrologists (67%) than of NPs (50%) or PCPs (17%) (Supplementary Figure S2B). In the North America ISN region, the United States reported a shortage in nephrologists, PCPs, NPs, dialysis technicians, dialysis nurses, and pharmacists. Canada reported no shortage in any of the listed workforce. Overall, the North American ISN region had the lowest reported shortage in nephrology care providers (Supplementary Figure S2B). In the Western Europe ISN region, renal pathologists (70%) were the most frequently reported shortage. Fifty percent of the countries reported shortages of dialysis nurses, vascular access coordinators, social workers, and dietitians. Less than one-half of the countries reported