Annotated Bibliography

Annotated Bibliography

Thesis: After 9/11, united states foreign policy was debated by the United States Department of Homeland Security in hopes of combating another event like pervious; many decisions were made by George W. Bush, leading to an ill-ed war on Iraq as well as a decrease in cooperation with Middle East.

Primary Sources:

Ghaffar-Kucher, Ameena. “The Religification of Pakistani-American Youth.” American Educational Research Association 49, no. 1 (Feb 2012): 30-52. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41419448?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents.

This source taught me how the perception of Muslim-American, specifically Pakistani-American youth changed in the eyes of Americans. I used this source as it gave very informative insight to better understand the Americans who were afraid, no because they feared another attack, but because they feared for their life as it was held on a factor they could not control.

Secondary Sources:

Alsultany, Evelyn. 2013. “Arabs and Muslims in the Media after 9/11: Representational Strategies for a ‘Post Race’ Era.” The Johns Hopkins University Press, Vol 65, No. 1 (March): 161-169. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41809552.

This source helped me learn more about the anti-terrorism agenda set by America post 9/11, and how The United States began a long-term and comprehensive war against terrorism, expanding its military strength and military presence overseas and improving its defense security at home. I used this to understand how the government makes great use of various non-governmental organizations such as Homeland Security.

Amy Gershkoff and Shana Kushner, “Shaping Public Opinions: The 9/11 Connection in the Bush Administration’s Rhetoric.” Perspective of Politics. (American Political Science Association 2005). 525-537, https://www.jstor.org/stable/3689022.

This source taught me about the relationship between Afghanistan and the United States early-post 9/11; the United States deployed troops to the Middle East while the government worked on fixing its branches from the inside. It tells about the Bush Administration both before the attacks and after and will be used to tell of the United States state after 9/11.

Anderson, Stuart. 2019. “Why Was The Homeland Security Department Created.” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/stuartanderson/2019/04/12/why-was-the-homeland-security-department-created/?sh=3a2ac594ad4b.

I learned about the creation of Homeland Security, and what main focuses the Department has such as minimizing the United States physical, economic and social climates; controlling further terroristic activity and conducting searches on illegal drug activity within America. It gave me better insight on what the Department of Homeland Security does within the United States and what it focuses on and will be used to explain what Homeland Security is used for and how it benefits America.

Aron, Leon. 2006. “The United States and Russia: Ideologies, Policies, and Relations.” American Enterprise Institute, 1-9. http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep02971.

This source helped me learn After the "9/11" incident, the focus of American foreign strategy shifted to combating global terrorism. I used this source to better understand home some semi-official and unofficial civil organizations in the United States, including various so-called democratic institutions, international democratic research institutions under the Democratic and Republican parties, and various foundations, are the main tools used by the American government to promote public diplomacy in Islamic countries.

Binder, Sarah. “20 years later: The lasting impact of 9/11 on Congress.” Brookings, 27 August 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2021/08/27/20-years-later-the-lasting-impact-of-9-11-on-congress/.

I learned while analyzing this source that the influence of 9/11 on America after 20 years. And the changes in overseas policies of the United States after 9/11 have been greatly affected. I used this to understand how the attack not only affected the budget of Congress, but also discriminated against Middle Eastern Americans in the United States; the United States issued a travel ban on Saudi Arabia after 9/11, and no religion was mentioned in the bill, but the mainstream religion in Saudi Arabia is Muslim.

Edwards, Chris. 2013. “Privatizing the Transportation Security Administration.” Policy Analysis, no. 742, 11. https://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep04932.

From this source, I learned how 9/11 affected the way the United States conducted aerial transportation and security and how the creation of TSA helped the United States to create a sense of security after the attacks. This source is applicable to my paper because it tells of the United States reaction to the attacks. I used this source to better understand the impact televised events can have on those who view them.

Frederockson, George H., and Todd R. LaPorte. 2002. “Airport Security, High Reliability, and the Problem of Rationality.” ASPA 62, no. Governance in the Aftermath of September 11, 2001 (Sep): 33-43. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3110168.

This article taught me the day of 9/11 and how the televised event went down to be one of the most important events in history affecting the lives of millions not only across America but across the world.

Mineo, Liz. “Muslim Americans who endured post-9/11 bias see solutions in education, political involvement.” News.Harvard, 9 September 2021,

https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/09/muslim-americans-reflect-on-the-impact-of-9-11/

From reading this, I learned that by interviewing several Middle Eastern Americans, the author shows how Muslims were affected after 9/11. After 9/11, Americans committed hate crimes against Muslims: houses were painted, windows were broken, and headscarves of women and girls were torn off by strangers. I used the interviews in the article to understand the views of the September 11th Incident on Middle Eastern Americans and how they were discriminated against.

Larson, Eric V., and John E. Peters. n.d. “Understanding Homeland Security.” In Preparing the U.S. Army for Homeland Security: Concepts, Issues, and Options, 23. N.p.: RAND Corporation. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mr1251a.10. (Sides and Gross 2013, #)

This source taught me how to better understand Homeland Security and the schematics as well as the subunits that go into making the Department the full fledged powerhouse that it is. I used it so I can apply it to my explanation of Homeland Security.

Panagopoulos, Costas. “Trends: Arab and Muslim Americans and Islam in the Aftermath of 9/11.” The Public Opinion Quarterly 70, no. 4 (2006): 608–24. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4124213.

This source helped me gage what opinions had formed about Muslims post September 11, 2001; I used it to better understand how public opinion on Muslims change Muslim and Middle and Central Asian countries lives forever.

Patman, Robert G. 2006. “Globalisation, the New US Exceptionalism and the War on Terror.” Third War Quarterly 27 (6): 963-986. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4017735.

This source taught me about the United States initial relations with the Soviet Union and how many similarities can be found between the animosity leading to the Cold War, and the United States and Middle East’s relationship leading to the War on Terror. I used this source to better my understanding on how that animosity can occasionally lead into the radicalization of certain people leading to what is referred to in American media as “radical Islamic terrorists”.

Record, Jefferey. 2008. “Why the Bush Administration Invaded Iraq: Making Strategy after 9/11.” Strategic Studies Quarterly 2 (Summer): 63-92. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26267474.

This source helped me learn that the September 11th attack not only attracted the attention of the whole world, but also brought unprecedented unity to the United States. I used this source to better understand that after finding out that bin Laden was behind the attack, the United States claimed to have discovered the evidence of Saddam's involvement in the planning, so the United States quickly passed the war resolution against Iraq.

Sides, John, and Kimberly Gross. 2013. “Stereotypes od Muslims and Support for the War on Terror.” SPSA 75, no. 3 (May): 583-598. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1017/s0022381613000388.

This source taught me about a study conducted post 9/11 about how Americans viewed Muslims/Muslim American and how those views could conduct how the United States conducted the War on Terror. I used this source as it is essential to describing the social climate and effects after 9/11.

U.S. Department of Homeland Security. n.d. “Creation of the Department of Homeland Security.” Official Website of the Department of Homeland Security. Accessed September 16, 2021. https://www.dhs.gov/creation-department-homeland-security.

This source taught me about how the attacks on September 11th caused an influx of insecurity within Americans, causing them to demand change and a branch dedicated solely to the Security of the United States in hopes of combatting further activity and events such as 9/11. I used it to understand why DHS was created, and the subunits within the Department that are prominent today, such as the Transportation Security Administration (TSA).