Technical Schematics
On this page
The Whole System in Blocks
Representations of the Components of the System
The Production of Water and Salt
The Lithium-Bromide Absorption Chiller Driven by the Condensed Steam Provides would Contribute Heat Energy for the DRYER
Engine Transmits Power to Shaft where Chargers are Connected
Engine Always Operates at High Efficiency
Battery Source Gives Power at High Efficiency
Automated Engine Control System (AECS)
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
The Whole System in Blocks
A short introductory note on the items discussed below.
Kent's Handbook for Mechanical Engineers discusses many of what we have in this website. Fortunately, the website below presents technical details in very easy ways to understand. Quoting from the website:
"A "combustion engine" is a device which converts the chemical energy stored in a fuel into heat energy, and then converts a portion of that heat energy into mechanical work. Any combustion engine can be effectively visualized using what is commonly known as the "Black Box" model. (A "Black Box" is a colloquial name for a conceptual entity which has known inputs and outputs, and which performs a defined function, but whose innards and functioning are unknown.)
The following is a sketch of the "black box" which represents a combustion engine."
With this introductory note, we go on.
Salt will be conveyed to small (micro or mini) salt ponds. These might be lined with tiles that will keep the salt crystals free from foreign substances
Since water will still be hot, it will be brought to a Lithium-Bromide Absorption Chiller to share its energy and then go to the Drying system to dry salt, fish, meat, fruits, copra, for the products that the Community will need to dry.
The Salt Bed or micro/mini farm might look similar to this. It is elevated because the salt slurry will be hot.
A pipe is embeded below the tiles to collect, or recover, the heat from the slurry and feed that heat to the DRYER system.
Being elevated gives the Community easy access to maintenance.
The Community may also scrape the crystals to containers to allow even seniors or elders to fill the buckets with salt crystals for the stronger people to lift.
The slurry is estimated to occupy about two (2) cubic meters of volume in 24 hours.
For a slurry depth of 10 centimeters or so, divide 2 cubic meters by 0.1 to give an area of 20 square meters. For easy access, let us fix the width to 2 meters. Dividing the area by 2 meters gives us a length of 10 meters for the salt bed.
Decreasing the depth to 5 centimeters will do three things
It will double the area of the bed for the salt slurry
Since the surface area has increased, the drying time will become shorter. In Australia, the drying time is two years to harvest. In Pangasinan, Philippines, the salt farming season starts from October to May.
Since this System is a "rain or shine" salt-maker, production output will be a few times more than the production of a traditional farm of the same area.
In the planning for the bed, a safety factor provision of a about 4 days to 1 week could be considered. This will catch an overflow. If there is no overflow, the slurry could be destributed to several of them to speed-up the drying time of the salt crystals.
A channel from the slurry output will be designed to allow the slurry to flow out into the salt beds attached to the channel.
And this salt will be CLEAN and NOT exposed to whatever is carried by winds animals, birds, dust, and whatever else OUTSIDE human control.
This is the conceptual view of the salt beds supplied with slurry.
The initial estimate is that each bed will take a slurry output for 24 hours. This is an estimated volume of less than 2 cubic meters. The weight would be 1,680 kilograms for a 70-kilogram output per hour.
This mechanical shaft could drive an Ammonia compressor for making ice
It can also drive many automotive alternators to charge batteries
Without this shaft, the system can drive a large electric generator to drive the compressor and to charge all the batteries, each with a controller.
Representations of the Components of the System
Production of Water and Salt
Process Flow
At full load, the output temperature of the jacket water is expected to be about 210 F. The heat exchanger to receive energy from the jacket water will be designed in such a way that a difference of about 10 degees F would preheat the sea water to 200 F. Such a difference will be determined by the sea water intake flow.
This preheated sea water will receive the "latent heat of condensation" of the steam that comes in at the temperature of about 213.2 F which is the boiling temperature of sea water at a salinity of the assumed 3.5%. The enthalpy of the sea water will increase. Energy from the exhaust of the engine will supplement the condition of the sea water so that the "latent heat of vaporization" is achieved to bring the water part of the sea water to steam.
If the system has admitted 100 grams of sea water, 3.5 grams would be salt and 96.5 grams would be water. This process will increase the salinity of the brine left by the water that went into steam, because salinity is the weight of the salt divided by the weight of the salt plus the weight of the water left by steam. If 50 grams of water went into steam, it will leave 46.5 grams plus 3.5 grams of salt giving a total weight of 50 grams. The new salinity will be 3.5 divided by 50, resulting in a new salinity of 7%. The system will watch that it will release the flowing brine to the salt mini or micro farm before the salt starts crystalizing.
This point in the condition of the brine will be determined at the time of operation. At that salinity condition, this flowing brine will be discharged onto a salt micro/mini farm, where the remaining water will be allowed to leave the salt crystals dry enough. It is expected to have a few of these salt mini or micro farms for the amount to be discharged by the system.
It is worth understanding that concentrated brine from desalination plants, or the salinity beyond 6.5% should not be released back to the sea. Such a discharge of highly concentrated brine will kill the organisms that live there, including water plants. In addition, brine from desal plants have chemicals in them.
In contrast, this technology revives the "old" tradition of naturally getting salt from the sea via a salt farm. Water from the sea is simply admitted, onto a pond, locked there, and allowed to dry up. This technology gives more than just salt as is naturally harvested, but also drinking water.
Back to desal, it consumes very large amounts of power to drive the sea water through the membranes. And what does this mean? By consuming plenty of electricity, the amount of pollution released to the environment is so much more than this technology releases per kilogram of salt.
The Lithium-Bromide Absorption Chiller Driven by the Condensed Steam would Contribute Heat Energy for the DRYER
Process Flow
The chiller that is designed for hot water could be viewed as an energy amplifier, as it gives more energy for the DRYER than it receives.
Very simply, if there are 100 BTU/hour of energy supplied by the drinking water that was condensed, the project would supply more energy to the Dryer. With the Lithium-Bromide chiller having a coefficient of performance (COP = chiller load divided by heat input) of 1.12, the energy to the Dryer will be 100+100x1.12=212 BTU/hour.
Technically, the heat pump has harvested energy from the environment, and in this case, from the goods that were stored in the chiller for cooling.
(Sources: Department of Energy,
https://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/tech_assistance/pdfs/steam14_chillers.pdf
Information about the Lithium-Bromide absorption chiller is found in
This chiller "harvests" energy from the environment, and this Technology will put that energy into productive use.
Provided below are Lithium-Bromide Absorption Chillers of different ratings, The cooling capacity expressed in kilowatts are converted into "tons of refrigeration" by dividing kW by 3.517.
Salient Features for 11-kW Chiller
11-kW rating of the chiller is divided by 3.517 to convert that rating into 3.1278 tons of refrigeration.
The hot water inlet temperature is 90 degress Celsius (194 F) and outlet temperature is 85 C (185 F).
The chilled water inlet and outlet are 15 C and 10 C (59 F and 59 F).
Cooling water is at 30 C (86 F)
This is right along the principles of Physics and Engineering. By combining one system with another, we develop a more desirable functional system. In this particular scheme, the amount of work is increased for the same amount fuel input, because we introduced a "heat pump" that took its fuel input from the waste energy of the engine. By its nature, a heat pump transfers energy from one level to another. In this scheme, we made it harvest energy from the environment to bring it into the system to do work there. Since our heat pump takes in (harvests) energy from the environment, the whole system is an "open" NOT an "enclosed" one.
COP = chiller load/heat input
https://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/tech_assistance/pdfs/steam14_chillers.pdf
Five international bidders submitted seven bid proposals for this 65-megawatt (electric) plus 50-megawatt (thermal) to the First Private Power Corporation in 1999. This co-generation project did not continue because of the financial crisis that came.
The project specifications had two gas turbine generators, followed by two waste-heat recovery boilers that would supply steam to a turbine attached to an electric generator. The total electric power generation for the First Philippine Industrial Park (FPIP) and for the Meralco distribution system was 65 megawatts.
But hey! Wait a minute. FREE is the available energy input of 50 megawatts (thermal) for the Lithium-Bromide Absorption Chillers, supplying chilled water at 5 degrees Centigrade and returned at 12 degrees Centigrade through pipes with a diameter of 1 meter. Relating megawatts(thermal) to common language,
There are 3,412,142 BTU per hour for each thermal megawatt
50 thermal megawatts will therefore be 170,600,000 BTU/hr
Using the COP of 1.12, the total chilling is 191,072,000 BTU/hr
Energy to the Dryer is the sum of the input energy to the chiller and the refrigeration that it accomplishes, and that is 170,600,000 plus 191,072,000 is 361,072,000 BTU/hour. This was planned for drying fish, copra, and others.
Since there are 12,000 BTU/hour for 1 Ton of Refrigeration, then this system would have been capable of chilling up to15,900 Tons of refrigeration.
It is BEST to keep in mind that this refrigeration does not come from electricity-driven compressors, but from the FREE waste heat driving absorption chillers.
Without the financial crisis, the FPIP and the consumers of Meralco would have experienced benefits.
On top of this project are minds that have the good of society as a top priority, from SVP upward to the Chairman are Ernesto Pantangco, SVP of FPPC, Peter Garrucho, President of FPPC, Federico Lopez, President of First Gas, and Oscar M Lopez, Chairman of First Philippine Holdings Corporation. This project was supported by competent members of the team of FPPC.
The international bidders were ABB (from Switzerland with two bids), Sumitomo (from Japan with two bids), Mitsui (from Korea and Japan), Siemens (from Germany), and Warsila (from Finland and the Philippines).
If the 15,900 Tons of refrigeration are supplied using electricity with a COP of 4, the input electricity would be 15,900 divided by 4 equals 3,980 tons, equivalent, of electrical input. In kilowatts of electricity, this amounts to 3,980 multiplied by 3.5 equals 13,930 kilowatts of input.
If the absorption chillers are not installed, the income from free energy will be transferred to income from electricity. The input electricity will come out from the 65 megawatts of power.
Consequently, the income from the export of electricity of Batangas Cogen will be reduced by 21.4%, and will be throwing away 50 megawatts of thermal power that was also indended for the future drying of harvests.
The principles of the management of the Oscar M Lopez companies have chosen the SERVICE to humanity as the reason for their operations. Looking beyond Batangas Cogen are the Lopez Power Plants in the Province of Batangas that accept clean natural gas from the Malampaya wells in the Philippines. Natural gas is used as the fuel to generate electricity for the grid. The efficiency of the First Gas co-generation power plants hit 60%. This is beyond the efficiencies of acceptable conventional power plants of 30% at high loads, and some of the Wartsila Diesels in Bauang at 40%, also at high loads.
Other power plants that operate independently of the grid will need to generate enough energy to supply and "follow" the load demand, up or down. If the load goes down to 10% , or thereabout, at night, these power plants will be using only about 5% to 10% of the fuel while throwing the rest away.
"Sayang naman" in Tagalog means "what a waste."
However, the reality is
"It is so!"
"Live by it until a replacement is there."
"There is nothing anyone can do about it."
The American newscaster Walter Cronkite ends by saying
"that is the way it is".
Engine Transmits Power to Shaft where Chargers are Connected
The shaft of the engine has many options:
Install a generator by mechanically coupling it to the shaft of the engine.
Then have an electric motor drive an independent shaft where many car alternators are connected to charge each of the batteries. The efficiency fo driving the shaft is not going to be high, although it is convenient.
Have controllable rectifiers for each of the batteries.
Install V-belt pulleys on the engine shaft to drive one or more independently rotating shafts, where a V-belt will also be provided to drive a car alternator to charge each of the batteriess. For example, with a 200 bhp (brake horsepower) engine, the available power is 200 multiplied by 0.7457 equals 149 kilowatts. Each lead-acid battery rated at 65 ampere-hours would be capable of accepting charging current from an alternator rated at 90 amperes with regulator. By the practical rule of thumb, when the battery is discharged and it has to be charged in a hurry, it could be charged at 1.5C or 65/1.5 equals 43 amperes only at constant current before it reaches "gasing" to release hydrogen and oxygen.
until it reaches 13.8, where this current would cause H2 and O2 gases to be liberated. As a further practical rule, allow the regulator of the alternator to do the work, in its own way because it is designed that way. In the newer alternators, this is embeded into its own casing.
One charger that is charging one discharged battery will be seen as a load of 13.8 x 43 equals 593 watts. Since the system wants to see 149 kW, this will mean a minimum of 251 batteries.
This 251 units is only for lead-acid batteries.
If the system is presented Lithium batteries of the same ampere hours, the charging current will be 0.5C (double the AH rating) or 130 amperes. With 48 volts, the wattage for one battery will be 6,672 watts. The shaft will need to see 23 units.
The system will need to be decided upon to be able to apply this method.
This chart, above, is given at the site of the Battery University.
The next chart, below, is taken from the US DOE Handbook on Lead-Acid Batteries.
The charging system that was designed and built by the National Power Corporation for the Renault Electric Car of former President Ferdinand E Marcos is similar to this. It was such that NAPOCOR's design discarded the installed charging system to eliminate the attention to be done by a human being.
The heart of the new charging system were Triacs, TTL logic semi-conductor chips. Very simply, the charger cable was plugged into a 240-volt supply. "Leave it alone without paying attention to it. It will take care of itself."
That system did fast charging at constant current up to battery cell voltages of approximately 2.2 volts. At this point, the charging current is reduced until it reaches 2.4 volts, and reduced even more until 2.46 volts. The system then drops down the charging voltage to 2.3 volts. The system periodically, approximately five minutes, checks the charge level. It raises the voltage to see if the batteries need more charging. If this comes true, the charging algorithm is repeated.
The Engine Always Operates at High Efficiency
Energy Flow in Blocks
https://engineering.stackexchange.com/questions/2349/how-can-mpg-be-high-under-low-engine-load?rq=1
The chart, above, shows that the engine runs at its best at 3,000 rpm, having an efficiency of about 30%.
It is nice to remember the words of the former Dean of the School of Mechanical Engineering, Domingo S. Mendoza, of the Mapua Institute of Technology in the Philippines, in 1956. He said so! He taught his classes that the fuel consumption of the engine increases per horsepower-hour when the load to the engine goes down.
When the project is in operation, it might be helpful to test if the fuel consumption per hp-hr is economical at around 2,200 rpm. Operating at a lower rpm would reduce wear and tear on the moving and rotating parts.
At this rpm, the sound is usually less stressful than at a much higher speed. My experiments showed that the alternator can provide the battery enough high current for charging at around this rpm.
This curve gives a very pleasant message:
Operating at 3200 rpm and 12.5% load gives an efficiency of 8%.
Under this operation, the current Advanced Technologies succeed in throwing away 92% of the energy from the fuel at 12.5% load. Why throw away?
A car, a truck, a tricycle always operate way below the 100% load. This is also true for some fuel-based power plants as they operate at low loading. This is, of course, dependent upon how power plants are "dispatched" by the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system.
This Project will operate at high loads. It sees the charging of batteries as LOAD. The result is that the cost of fuel per hp-hour will be low.
As the batteries run a tricycle, the efficiency between the battery and the wheel through the electric motor will be high at about 85% to 90%. Tracing the flow of energy from the fuel, the amount of energy that go to the wheels will be 30% x 85% equals 25.5%.
This will become the efficiency, whether the load is high, or it is low. The battery will simply provide the energy that is need. And the motor will be driving the wheel at this efficiency. When the tricycle is waiting for passengers, its energy consumption is zero. In comparison, as it idles, a motorcycle-driven tricycle will be consuming energy that is being thrown away, and not sent to the wheels.
This new system here recovers almost all the energy that is being thrown away by current technologies. Thus, it really doesn't matter much for this Project whether the engine load is high or is low.
One interesting aspect of this Project is that the following equation is always true. Let E represent Energy
E(fuel) = E(shaft) + E(water_and_salt) + E(Dryer) + E(loss)
In contrast, the equation for current technologies is
E(fuel) = E(shaft) + E(loss)
It is easily seen here that the Community will have valuable resources from its Project.
Battery Source Gives Power at High Efficiency
Energy Flow in Blocks
The batteries are able to control many equipment and home appliances. Some directly connect to the battery on account of the compatibility of the ratings of voltages and currents. Some are connected to the battery through "Power Inverters."
The Electronics, Computer, and Communications Engineering Department (ECCE) of the Ateneo de Manila University designed and built two power inverters on their own. One was a single-phase controller for a two-horsepower window airconditioner. The other was a three-phase variable frequency and variable voltage sinusoidal inverter to drive a prototype for a hybrid-electric tricycle.
Automated Engine Control System (AECS)
Process Flow and Parameters to be Controlled
The control system of the engine works on its own, but is open to "Set Points" from the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) System.
This control system may be designed similar to the numerous control systems, designed and fabricated by the students and faculty members of the ECCE Department, and the Ateneo Innovation Center, of the Ateneo de Manila University. Zilog Microprocessors, Arduino Microcontroller, and many other brands.
The variables to be under the control of the control system is listed on the right side of the Process Flow, above.
There are, surely, other schools that have gone this far and even ahead in technology, but I know the capabilities of the Ateneo de Manila University. Worth mentioning are Prof Rosula Reyes, Prof Carlos Oppus, Prof Bong Mongje, Prof Agustin, Prof Joseph Nathaniel Libatique. Prof Greg Tangonan, Prof Fr Jett Villarin, SJ, PhD, Niño Uy, PhD, Sonny Toledo, Mang Cally, and many more, experts in this field.
The chart, above, shows the RPM and the Internal Pressure with specific fuel consumption in grams per kilowatt-hour. By rule of thumb, Efficiency Maps are often different from one brand to another. In any case, the control system will consider a map of this kind as its reference.
The chart also shows several alternators, each taking their power input from a shaft that provides power to other alternators.
One nice characteristic of this system is that depending upon the technical properties of the system, an Ammonia Compressor may be also driven by the shaft to make "ice" for the fishing groups. They would load the ice that they need onto their boats before they go out fishing.
The Ammonia ice-maker and the Batteries share power from the engine, through the shaft.
In short, a fast charging battery will get reduced power when the Ammonia ice-maker goes down. Similarly, the charging current will go up again when the ice-maker compressor goes off. It goes ON and OFF as required for the production of ice.
The algorithm of the Control system could easily handle this. It will see that the compressor has engaged, and the predetermined torque would be converted into equivalent power. That value will be used by the Controller to determine the amount of charging current that will be reduced.
The chart, above, also shows the RPM and the Internal Pressure with specific fuel consumption in grams per kilowatt-hour.
It is good to know that the engine RPM would cause the engine to achieve the least specific fuel cost in grams per kilowatt-hour.
These two curves are simply sample curves taken from the internet. Each engine will have a different efficiency map. It will, of course, take time to determine an approximation of the efficiency of the engine at different loads and shaft speed at its location.
CONTROL for EFFICIENCY – Incorporated in the design and monitored by SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)
Operate at this area, which consume less fuel for the operated output
Throttle level is controlled to bring the operating condition at the efficient area of the “efficiency map”
Control charging levels to bring the charging level to the efficient area. Charging levels are seen as levels of the load
Control of the running of pumps
Each of the SITES are CAPABLE of DISTRIBUTED Functions with or without SCADA monitoring and control CONNECTIONS
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
The SCADA is conceived here as a way of making it easier for the Communities to BENEFIT at its best.
The major question is: "Why have SCADA at all? It will become an added financial burden."
Answer: Yes, this is a valid question. The reasons for thinking of the SCADA are as follows
Planning people with experience in operations will probably agree with these statements:
The engine is small and will be dispersed along the 36,289-kilometer shoreline of the Philippines.
The operators receive skills training prior to operation and strengthened during operation.
Operation is such a very "boring" job, unless a safety net is layed out to prevent the drop of motivation.
Looking at the chart above, motivation is high when the slope (dy/dx) of the learning curve is steep.
When the slope starts to plateau, the usual practice in human resource management is for a person to be moved to another job that he/she likes to do, even promotion.
The level of motivation on one job sometimes takes about three to five years to plateau.
The Community will create several jobs when this project is undertaken and operated.
Members of a Community could be recruited for the construction work to enable them to have the feeling of ownership, satisfaction, and motivation.
The locations of some of these projects might be reached by scheduled trips of, say once per week, or so.
If it experiences a malfunction, or a shortage of fuel, or the need of replacement parts, or technical assistance, it is probable that the system will shut down and have an interruption of long hours, days, or weeks in some areas.
The SCADA will be a way of following the health of the engine and the processes
It will have way of predicting the need for replacement parts, the life of the batteries, the operating hours on the basis of the inventory of fuel.
With the SCADA, replacement parts could be ordered and delivered on an "on-time" basis.
The SCADA will also be able to forecast production so that the system could balance the production of electricity, water, salt, and drying.
It is worth keeping in mind that lower production of electricity will make the engine efficiency low. However, this is NOT a concern. In this new system, ALL the Free Recovered Energy from the system will produce more water, salt, and drying energy. Production of the Outputs are best balanced by the SCADA system.
To conclude the Answer, it is not absolutely necessary to have the SCADA. In effect, without the SCADA, the Community is akin to driving a truck with manual transmission. What else is new? Because of this, the Community will succeed in operating it "their own way."
CONTROL for ALL Units via connections, like Starlink –
Overall Assistance to EACH Site with SCADA
EACH SITE is monitored by SCADA for EFFICIENCY and SERVICE
Each SITE has annunciators for operators
a] batteries to be delivered to homes or town halls or tricycle EV or HEV or to replace batteries with fully charged at SITE
b] announce to refuel depending upon LEAD TIMES, as a DUPLICATE of the Distributed Control System of the engines.
SCADA may have Monitoring and Control Functions WORLDWIDE via STARLINK or Similar Connections
WORLDWIDE is a STRONG PROBABILITY depending upon the entity that manages them.
Contents of this Website
What is this Project about?
If you don't mind, I will do it this way . . .
Platform for Change and Development for the Community
To Balikatan and Back with Unbelievable Ease and Grace
The Development Philosophy
Memo from the President and Chief Executive Officer of NAPOCOR
Great Ideas
Electric and Hybrid-Electric Tricycles
Power, Water, Salt, Dryer, and Chilling Diagram
Process Flow
Introductory View of Many JOBS Created
A video of the first 3-Phase electric run of Ateneo de Manila University Hybrid-Electric Tricycle
Why, why, why, and responses . . .
Let's do it "Bayanihan"
The Whole System in Blocks
Representations of the Components of the System
The Production of Water and Salt
The Lithium-Bromide Absorption Chiller Driven by the Condensed Steam Provides would Contribute Heat Energy for the DRYER
Engine Transmits Power to Shaft where Chargers are Connected
Engine Always Operates at High Efficiency
Battery Source Gives Power at High Efficiency
Automated Engine Control System (AECS)
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
A Very Brief View of How the Philippines Achieved the Energy Independence of 56% in 1983, as a Departure from the Energy Independence of 4%, in 1973, equivalent to Energy Dependence of 96% in 1973
A YouTube Video of How Co-Generation Helps Achieve Energy Independence
"Missionary Electricity" is Amplified by this Project
A Collage of Some of the Benefits to the Communitu
The Traditional Salt Farm will be Revived with Mini or Micro Salt Farms
The Tricycle which is Electric or Hybrid-Electric
Bongao, Sibutu, or Similar Communities are examples of Isolated Communities that will Benefit
Traditional Rice Drying by the Sun
Sari-Sari Stores Selling Preserved Food will be Selling More Tapa, Danggit, Tuyo, etc
The Preparing of Copra to Become Exportable Due to the Inability of Aflatoxin to Develop
Water to Drink
Coastlines, or Shorelines, with the Philippines Being the Fifth Longest in the World with 36,289 Kilometers
This Technology here says
HOW TO . . .
Economics and IRR (Internal Rate of Return)
FREE ENERGY Provides COMMUNITIES . . .
The IRR on YouTube Video
An Estimated Economics and Internal Rate of Return
The Spreadsheet with Live RECALCS
What are expected to be done?
Water-Cooled Gasoline Engines
The Engineering HOW with respect to the side effects of temperature and salt on the metals
The process of collecting the Energy from the cooling water of the engine
Collecting Energy from the Exhaust and from the Steam
The Engineering Aspects of the Design of the Project
The Decision on the Shapes and Layout of the Heat Transfer Components
First Intended Layout
Second Intended Layout
Third Intended Layout
Valves for the Salt Slurry
HOWTO . . . The Project Organizational Entity
Authorization by Law
ONE LAST QUESTION: How does Community PROFIT impact the Business Community OR Would it be useful for Corporations to implement CSR via this Project?
Simplified Process Flow
This Section summarizes those outputs
Electricity from Batteries Charged Here
Drinking Water
Salt Production
Rice Dryer
Economics and Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Conversion of Ambulant Engine-Driven Rice Mill to Motor-Driven
Acceptance is Bayanihan / Balikatan / Tulongan