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Dante Alighieri:
Even if you know nothing else about Dante or the Renaissance, you have heard of Dante’s greatest work, "The Divine Comedy," which still gets name-checked by a variety of modern-day works such as Dan Brown’s "Inferno"; in fact, any time you refer to a “circle of hell” you are referencing Dante’s vision of Satan’s kingdom.
"The Divine Comedy" is a poem that follows Dante himself as he travels through hell, purgatory, and heaven. It’s extremely complex in its structure and references, and quite beautiful in its language even in translation. While concerned with many religious themes, it shows its Renaissance trappings in the many ways Dante critiques and comments on Florentine politics, society, and culture. Understanding all the jokes, insults, and commentary is difficult for the modern reader, but the poem's influence is felt throughout all of modern culture. Besides, how many writers get to be known by solely their first name?
There are only a handful of writers whose names have adjectives (see Shakespearean), and Machiavelli is one of them thanks to his most famous work, "The Prince."
Machiavelli’s focus on terrestrial instead of heavenly power is indicative of the general shift going on in his lifetime as the Renaissance gained steam. His concept that there was a division between public and private morality, and his endorsement of violence, murder, and political trickery to gain and maintain power is where we get the term Machiavellian when describing brilliant if evil politicians or schemers.
Some have tried to recast "The Prince" as a work of satire or even a sort of revolutionary handbook (arguing that the intended audience was actually the oppressed masses in an effort to show them how to overthrow their rulers), but it almost doesn’t matter; Machiavelli’s influence is inarguable.
Niccolo Machiavelli:
Miguel de Cervantes:
The things you consider to be novels are a relatively new invention, and Miguel de Cervantes’ "Don Quixote" is generally considered to be one of the first examples, if not the first.
Published in 1605, it’s a late-Renaissance work that is also credited with shaping much of what is now the modern Spanish language; in that sense, Cervantes must be regarded as an equal to Shakespeare in terms of cultural influence.
Cervantes played with language, using puns and contradictions for humorous effect, and the image of the loyal Sancho miserably following his deluded master as he literally tilts at windmills has endured through the centuries. Novels ranging from "The Idiot" to Rushdie’s "The Moor’s Last Sigh" are explicitly influenced by "Don Quixote," establishing its ongoing literary influence.
One does not discuss literature without mentioning Shakespeare. His influence simply cannot be overstated. He created many words still in common English usage today (including bedazzled, which might be his greatest achievement), he coined many of the phrases and idioms we still use today (every time you try to break the ice, say a short prayer to Bill), and he codified certain stories and plot devices that have become the invisible vocabulary of every story composed. They still adapt his plays into films and other media on a yearly basis. There is literally no other writer who has had a bigger influence on the English language.
William Shakespeare: