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1 - Cause and effect sentences.
1 - Cause and effect sentences.
Cause and effect sentences make the relationship between things clear. They are useful for topic sentences as well as elaboration sentences in a PEEL paragraph.
Cause and effect sentences make the relationship between things clear. They are useful for topic sentences as well as elaboration sentences in a PEEL paragraph.
The modern artists’ use of computers enables greater creativity.
The importance of euthanasia is due to its concern with human rights.
The use of animals in medical research has resulted in the discovery of many drugs.
The suspension of transportation to New South Wales in 1840 was due to multiple factors that occurred throughout the 1830s.
This PEEL paragraph makes use of five cause and effect statements about certainty and how it influences logic and discussion in the play, Twelve Angry Men. These sentences are coloured red.
This PEEL paragraph makes use of five cause and effect statements about certainty and how it influences logic and discussion in the play, Twelve Angry Men. These sentences are coloured red.
Absolute certainty prevents rational discussion and having a rigid conviction or confidence that something is true can prevent one from seeing reality. In Twelve Angry Men we see the way blinkered certainty leads to individuals viewing rational perspectives as absurd through the characterisation of Juror 7. Juror 7 is a loud salesman who believes he has more important things to do than sit on a jury. He is quick to form his opinions and does not take the responsibility given to him seriously. The 7th Juror’s aggressive rhetorical questions and use of a colloquial figure of speech when he challenges the 8th Juror and says ‘ Listen, there are still eleven of us who think he's guilty. You're alone. What do you think you're gonna accomplish? If you want to be stubborn and hang this jury, he'll be tried again and found guilty, sure as he's born’ reveal how Juror 7 is trying to force his opinion on Juror 8 as well as his absolute certainty that the defendant is guilty. This exchange exemplifies the thematic message that absolute certainty prevents rational discussion. Furthermore, when discussing how fast the old man could move from his bed to the door the 7th Juror makes a metaphorical joke, ‘You know, you ought to be down in Atlantic City at that hair-splitters’ convention’ thus reinforcing his impatient and sarcastic character and emphasising his annoyance at having to discuss the details of the witness’ testimonies and become open to the fact that he might be wrong. Finally, after the 9th Juror admits he changed his vote and asks if he should explain, the dismissive tone of the 7th Juror’s response, ‘ No, I wouldn’t like you to tell me why’, conveys the 7th Juror’s resistance to rational discussion and confirms the certainty of his hastily made decision about the case. Overall, Rose presents different human experiences and attitudes to jury duty to explore the way holding to our convictions can be heroic or cowardly, moral or immoral depending on what the stand is for.
2 - Complex noun groups / nominal groups
2 - Complex noun groups / nominal groups
Written English is lexically dense - there is a higher proportion of content words per clause. This can be done by modification of nouns to form nominal groups.
Written English is lexically dense - there is a higher proportion of content words per clause. This can be done by modification of nouns to form nominal groups.
Noun group are groups of word that build on a noun. They can be created by adding adjectives as well as other modifiers that describe and classify the noun. Using complex noun groups add greater detail and specificity to your writing. Complex noun groups are a significant feature of academic writing, and the ability to construct complex noun groups is intrinsic to becoming a sophisticated academic writer.
In a complex noun group, modifiers can be used before the noun - or - before and after the noun.
In a complex noun group, modifiers can be used before the noun - or - before and after the noun.
In the sentences below a noun is in bold.
In the sentences below a noun is in bold.
The use of computer technologies in art practice enables greater creativity.
In the sentence below modifiers have been added to a noun to add more detail to the statement.
In the sentence below modifiers have been added to a noun to add more detail to the statement.
The use of various, contemporary computer technologies in art practice enables greater creativity.
More examples of complex noun groups
More examples of complex noun groups
many good jobs for society.
the difficult university entrance examination.
Content analysis is designed to produce an objective, measurable, verifiable account of the content of texts
many negative side effects on the environment.
the many large oil companies in operation
3 - Nominalisation
3 - Nominalisation
When a verb or adjective is used as a noun, a nominalisation is created. Nominalisation is an important feature of academic writing. It adds complexity and an impersonal tone to texts. Nominalisation also makes writing more concise.
Formal written English uses nouns more than verbs. For example, "judgement" rather than "judge", "development" rather than "develop", "admiration" rather than "admire".
Learning how to use nominalisation in your own writing is an important part of becoming a sophisticated writer.
Learning how to use nominalisation in your own writing is an important part of becoming a sophisticated writer.
Compare these sentences:
Compare these sentences:
Organisms reproduce. This is a major characteristic of life.
Reproduction is a major characteristic of life.
In general they mean the same, but sentence 2 is expressed more concisely. It uses the word “reproduction”, whereas sentence 1 uses the word ”reproduce". Here the word “reproduce” is a verb. “Reproduction” is a noun made from the verb “reproduce”; we call this process nominalisation.
Examples
Examples
Instead of:
Instead of:
Like all other forms of life, we human beings are the product of how we have evolved.
We would write
We would write
Like all other forms of life, we human beings are the product of evolution.
Instead of:
Instead of:
This information enables us to formulate precise questions.
we would write:
we would write:
This information enables the formulation of precise questions.
Nominalisations are underlined
Nominalisations are underlined
The suspension of transportation to New South Wales in 1840 was due to multiple factors that occurred throughout the 1830s.
Growing opposition in both the New South Wales colony and in Britain created a gradual process by which transportation was abolished.
This is reflected in our admiration for people who have made something of their lives, sometimes against great odds.
You can make nominalisations from adjectives by adding -ness, -ism, or -ity.
You can make nominalisations from adjectives by adding -ness, -ism, or -ity.
Adjective
Adjective
appropriate
appropriate
active
active
complex
complex
desirable
desirable
sceptical
sceptical
willing
willing
Nominalisation
Nominalisation
appropriateness
appropriateness
activism
activism
complexity
complexity
desirability
desirability
scepticism
scepticism
willingness
willingness
4 - Given and new elaborations
4 - Given and new elaborations
Information to come . . . .
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