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When engineers and planners were unable to minimise traffic congestion in cities, rail services became a key means of public transit around the world (Syahriah et al, 2013). Many strategies for improving mobility among city dwellers have been examined in recent decades (Hafiza et al, 2017).
TOD is a planning and design concept that promotes compact, mixed-use, pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly urban development that is closely integrated with mass transit by clustering jobs, housing, services, and facilities around public transportation terminals.
Based on the research and theory related to TOD, economic growth, urban transportation, and land use can be managed more efficiently if planned jointly.
TOD has been effectively implemented at a city scale in cities around the world, including Stockholm, Copenhagen, Hong Kong SAR, Tokyo, and Singapore,
A typical TOD features a rail or bus station in the middle, surrounded by relatively high-density development, with lower-density development spreading outwards one-quarter to one-half mile, representing pedestrian scale distances. It has the following design aspects (Renne 2009):
The neighbourhood area has been designed for cycling and walking with ample walking & cycling facilities.
To control vehicle traffic speeds, streets have adequate connectivity and traffic calming elements.
Within each community, mixed-use development includes businesses, schools, and other public amenities, as well as a diversity of housing styles and rates.
Parking Management to save money on parking by reducing the quantity of area devoted to parking compared to traditional construction (NJDOT, 2007).
Convenient, comfortable, and secure transit stops and stations with amenities such as comfortable waiting areas, shops offering refreshments and periodicals, washrooms, and multi-modal navigation tools.
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