Modern vehicles are increasingly reliant on connectivity and automation, which expands their vulnerability to sophisticated cyberattacks. To address this, we are developing two complementary testbeds: 

(1) a physical robotic car (PiCar-X) equipped with sensors and embedded controllers to replicate real-world attack and defense mechanisms in connected vehicles and 

(2) a virtual cockpit environment (Meta Quest 3) to model and visualize cyber threats in immersive mixed reality. 

Together, these testbeds enable controlled, repeatable studies of attacks such as remote hijacking, spoofing, and jamming, facilitating systematic evaluation of detection and response strategies. Integration of the physical and virtual testbeds is the next step, aiming to create a unified mixed-reality platform that advances digital twin–enabled cybersecurity research and experiential learning in intelligent transportation systems.