WORK

Building PUF Circuits(FPGA Based Designs)

Block Diagram Of PUF Evaluation

Frequency Counter , An important Building block for generating ID in PUF circuits

There are Two Fundamental Types of Frequency Counter

The method you'll probably think of first is to count the input edges of the signal you want to measure and time a precise delay e.g. 1s then the frequency you measure will be in Hz.There is another method called reciprocal counting where you count the edges of the internal clock instead (used in commercial counters).

Normal direct frequency counting

The obvious method is to feed the measurement signal into a counter chip which is turned on for a set period e.g. 1 second. The counter value is actually the frequency measurement since:

f = events/time = counter value/1 second = counter value in Hz.The problem with this method is that the resolution of the counter is 1Hz and the number of digits displayed is dependent on the input frequency:

A 1Hz input gives 1 digit

A 100Hz input gives 3 digits etc.

The resolution is in Hz (dependent on the gate time -which must be a multiple (or sub-multiple) of a second) - this is why the reciprocal counting method is better as it gives a resolution in terms of the master clock frequency inside the unit that is not dependent on gate time and the number of digits is also not dependent on the input frequency.

Reciprocal frequency counting

The second method is reciprocal counting where instead of counting the input signal you count periods of a master clock and instead of counting the input signal edges you let the input signal start and stop the counter.

For example the counter is started at the rising edge of the input signal and stopped at the next rising edge. Now the counter reading is actually the period of the input signal in multiples of the master clock.Its called reciprocal counting since you have to work out:

f= 1.0 / period

...to work out the frequency.

A simple reciprocal counting example.

Lets say your internal counter runs at 1 MHz and you have an input signal that has a frequency of 1345Hz.

The number of 1 MHz periods in 1345Hz is:

Tsig/Tmeas = (1/1345)/(1/1e6) or 1e6/1345 = 743.49

We lose the decimal point to get 743 counts of our 1 MHz counter.So in the micro controller we have a value of 743 and to show the frequency on a display we need to calculate the following equation:

1/(743*(1.0/1e6)) = 1345.895 Hz

which can also be written as:

1e6/743 = 1345.895 Hz

...and the easiest way to do that is using a floating point library.

Note: Remember that floating point libraries are slow, slow, slow so consider using fixed point maths.

The reason for using reciprocal counting

Reciprocal counting is more difficult as you have to use floating point routines to work out the frequency but because the counter counts edges of a master clock the resolution is fixed in multiples of that master clock and not dependent on the input signal i.e. the frequency counter will show all digits regardless of the frequency of the input.

The resolution of the measurement is better since in a normal counter the count will be out by ±1 Hz count whereas the reciprocal counter will be out by ±1 master clock cycle.

Note: This does not mean that it is more accurate - accuracy depends on the clock stability of the unit.

Reciprocal counters are useful for period measurements and you will find for commercial counters that they usually have two inputs labeled A and B. You can set up the frequency counter to just measure A frequency on A or on B but you can also do signal period measurements e.g. trigger on the rising edge of A to get the high period etc.

In addition you can do measurements between different signals e.g. rising edge of A and only after that has triggered stop the count on the rising edge of B - that would be useful for measuring timing characteristics for a peripheral e.g. RAM access time.

1st Progress talks about : carrying out the Design obejectives of a ring oscillator and the way we extract the signature from the device