Software - Programs that control computer hardware and allow tasks to be performed. 软件：控制计算机硬件并执行任务的程序。
System Software - Software that manages hardware and provides basic functions. 系统软件：管理硬件并提供基本功能的软件。
Application Software - Programs designed for end-users to perform specific tasks. 应用软件：为终端用户执行特定任务而设计的程序。
Operating System (OS) - The main software that controls a computer’s hardware and software. 操作系统：控制计算机硬件和软件的主要软件。
Utility Programs - Small programs that help maintain, analyze, and optimize a computer. 实用程序：帮助维护、分析和优化计算机的小程序。
Interrupt - A signal that temporarily stops the CPU to perform another task. 中断：临时停止 CPU 执行另一个任务的信号。
Device Driver - Software that enables communication between hardware and OS. 设备驱动程序：使硬件与操作系统进行通信的软件。
Firmware - A type of software stored permanently in hardware. 固件：存储在硬件中的永久软件。
Human-Computer Interface (HCI) - A system allowing interaction between users and computers. 人机界面：允许用户与计算机交互的系统。
Command Line Interface (CLI) - A text-based interface to interact with a computer. 命令行界面：用于与计算机交互的基于文本的界面。
Graphical User Interface (GUI) - A visual interface using icons and windows. 图形用户界面：使用图标和窗口的可视化界面。
Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointers (WIMP) - GUI elements for interacting with the OS. WIMP：用于与操作系统交互的 GUI 元素。
Post-WIMP - Advanced GUI interactions like touch and gestures. 后 WIMP：高级 GUI 交互，如触摸和手势。
Memory Management - The OS function that allocates and manages memory. 内存管理：分配和管理内存的操作系统功能。
Security Management - The OS function that ensures data protection. 安全管理：确保数据保护的操作系统功能。
Multitasking - Running multiple applications simultaneously. 多任务处理：同时运行多个应用程序。
Buffer - A temporary storage area for data transfer. 缓冲区：用于数据传输的临时存储区域。
File Management - Organizing and controlling access to files in a system. 文件管理：在系统中组织和控制文件访问。
Bootstrap Loader - A small program that starts the OS when a computer is powered on. 引导加载程序：计算机开机时启动操作系统的小程序。
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) - Firmware that initializes hardware before OS loads. BIOS（基本输入/输出系统）：在操作系统加载之前初始化硬件的固件。
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) - A type of non-volatile memory for storing firmware. EEPROM（电可擦可编程只读存储器）：用于存储固件的一种非易失性存储器。
CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) - A chip that stores BIOS settings. CMOS（互补金属氧化物半导体）：存储 BIOS 设置的芯片。
Virtual Memory - A section of the hard drive used as RAM when needed. 虚拟内存：硬盘的一部分，在需要时用作 RAM。
Task Scheduling - The OS function that manages CPU time among multiple tasks. 任务调度：管理多个任务的 CPU 时间的操作系统功能。
Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) - An OS designed for time-critical tasks. 实时操作系统：专为时间关键任务设计的操作系统。
Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) - A function that handles an interrupt. 中断服务程序：处理中断的功能。
Kernel - The core part of an operating system managing resources. 内核：管理资源的操作系统核心部分。
High-Level Language (HLL) - A programming language close to human language. 高级语言：接近人类语言的编程语言。
Low-Level Language - A programming language close to machine code. 低级语言：接近机器代码的编程语言。
Assembly Language - A low-level language using mnemonics. 汇编语言：使用助记符的低级语言。
Machine Code - Binary instructions executed by the CPU. 机器代码：CPU 执行的二进制指令。
Compiler - Translates high-level code into machine code at once. 编译器：一次性将高级代码翻译成机器代码。
Interpreter - Translates and executes high-level code line by line. 解释器：逐行翻译和执行高级代码。
Assembler - Translates assembly language into machine code. 汇编器：将汇编语言翻译成机器代码。
Linker - Combines multiple object files into a single executable. 连接器：将多个目标文件合并为一个可执行文件。
Debugger - A tool that helps programmers find errors in code. 调试器：帮助程序员查找代码错误的工具。
Integrated Development Environment (IDE) - A software suite for writing and debugging programs. 集成开发环境：用于编写和调试程序的软件套件。
Code Editor - A text editor for writing programming code. 代码编辑器：用于编写编程代码的文本编辑器。
Syntax Error - A mistake in the code structure. 语法错误：代码结构中的错误。
Logic Error - An error in the program's logic. 逻辑错误：程序逻辑中的错误。
Runtime Error - An error that occurs while the program is running. 运行时错误：程序运行时发生的错误。
Prettyprinting - Formatting code to improve readability. 代码美化：格式化代码以提高可读性。
Auto-completion - A feature that suggests and completes code. 自动补全：建议并补全代码的功能。
Auto-correction - A feature that corrects syntax mistakes. 自动更正：修正语法错误的功能。
Auto-documentation - A feature that generates documentation from code. 自动文档生成：从代码生成文档的功能。
Heuristic Checking - A method for detecting new viruses. 启发式检查：检测新病毒的方法。
Quarantine - Isolating infected files to prevent malware spread. 隔离：隔离受感染的文件以防止恶意软件传播。
File Compression - Reducing file size for storage efficiency. 文件压缩：减少文件大小以提高存储效率。
Back-up Software - Programs that create copies of files for protection. 备份软件：创建文件副本以进行保护的程序。
Encryption - Converting data into unreadable format for security. 加密：将数据转换为不可读格式以确保安全性。
Application Software
Software designed to help users perform specific tasks.
应用软件：旨在帮助用户执行特定任务的软件。
System Software
Software that manages hardware and provides a platform for applications.
系统软件：管理硬件并为应用程序提供平台的软件。
Operating System (OS)
The main software that manages computer hardware and software resources.
操作系统：管理计算机硬件和软件资源的主要软件。
Utility Programs
Software designed to help manage, maintain, and control computer resources.
实用程序：旨在帮助管理、维护和控制计算机资源的软件。
Firmware
Low-level software that provides control for hardware devices.
固件：为硬件设备提供控制的低级软件。
Device Driver
Software that allows the operating system to communicate with hardware devices.
设备驱动程序：允许操作系统与硬件设备通信的软件。
Compiler
A program that translates high-level code into machine code.
编译器：将高级代码转换为机器代码的程序。
Interpreter
A program that translates and executes high-level code line by line.
解释器：逐行翻译和执行高级代码的程序。
Assembler
A program that converts assembly language into machine code.
汇编器：将汇编语言转换为机器代码的程序。
High-Level Language (HLL)
A programming language that is easy for humans to read and write.
高级语言：人类易于阅读和编写的编程语言。
Low-Level Language (LLL)
A programming language that is closely related to machine code.
低级语言：与机器代码密切相关的编程语言。
Machine Code
The binary language that a computer can directly understand.
机器代码：计算机可以直接理解的二进制语言。
Assembly Language
A low-level programming language that uses mnemonics.
汇编语言：使用助记符的低级编程语言。
Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
Software that provides tools for programming and debugging.
集成开发环境：提供编程和调试工具的软件。
Multitasking
The ability of an operating system to run multiple tasks simultaneously.
多任务处理：操作系统同时运行多个任务的能力。
Interrupt
A signal that temporarily halts the processor's current operations.
中断：暂时中止处理器当前操作的信号。
Buffer
A temporary storage area in memory for data being transferred.
缓冲区：用于存储正在传输数据的内存临时存储区。
Spreadsheet Software
Application software used for organizing and analyzing numerical data.
电子表格软件：用于组织和分析数值数据的应用软件。
Database Software
Software that manages and organizes data in a structured way.
数据库软件：以结构化方式管理和组织数据的软件。
Video Editing Software
Software used for manipulating and editing video files.
视频编辑软件：用于操作和编辑视频文件的软件。
Graphics Manipulation Software
Software for editing and creating images.
图形处理软件：用于编辑和创建图像的软件。
Word Processing Software
Software for creating and editing text documents.
文字处理软件：用于创建和编辑文本文件的软件。
Screen Saver
A program that displays images on a monitor when inactive.
屏幕保护程序：在不活动时在显示器上显示图像的程序。
Anti-Virus Software
Software designed to detect and remove malware.
杀毒软件：旨在检测和删除恶意软件的软件。
Defragmentation
The process of reorganizing data on a hard drive for efficiency.
磁盘碎片整理：为提高效率而重新组织硬盘上的数据的过程。
Human-Computer Interface (HCI)
The means by which a user interacts with a computer.
人机界面：用户与计算机交互的方式。
Memory Management
The process of controlling and coordinating computer memory.
内存管理：控制和协调计算机内存的过程。
Security Management
The process of protecting data and resources in a computer system.
安全管理：保护计算机系统中数据和资源的过程。
File Management
The process of storing, organizing, and accessing files on a computer.
文件管理：在计算机上存储、组织和访问文件的过程。
Virtual Memory
A memory management technique that uses disk space to extend RAM.
虚拟内存：使用磁盘空间扩展RAM的内存管理技术。
User Account
A personal account that grants access to a computer system.
用户账户：授予访问计算机系统权限的个人账户。
Task Scheduler
A system component that manages the execution of tasks.
任务调度程序：管理任务执行的系统组件。
Process
A program in execution, including its current status.
进程：正在执行的程序，包括其当前状态。
Thread
The smallest sequence of programmed instructions that can be managed independently.
线程：可以独立管理的编程指令的最小序列。
Data Integrity
The accuracy and consistency of stored data.
数据完整性：存储数据的准确性和一致性。
Scalability
The capability of a system to handle a growing amount of work or its potential to expand.
可扩展性：系统处理越来越多工作或扩展潜力的能力。
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
The process of planning, creating, testing, and deploying software.
软件开发生命周期：规划、创建、测试和部署软件的过程。
Incident Response
The process of responding to and managing security breaches or attacks.
事件响应：响应和管理安全漏洞或攻击的过程。
Penetration Testing
A simulated cyber attack against your computer system to check for exploitable vulnerabilities.
渗透测试：对计算机系统进行的模拟网络攻击，以检查可利用的漏洞。
Risk Assessment
The process of identifying and analyzing potential issues that could negatively impact key business initiatives.
风险评估：识别和分析可能对关键业务计划产生负面影响的潜在问题的过程。
Firewall
A network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic.
防火墙：监视和控制进出网络流量的网络安全系统。
User Experience (UX)
The overall experience a user has when interacting with a product or service.
用户体验（UX）：用户与产品或服务交互时的整体体验。
Agile Development
A software development methodology that emphasizes flexibility and customer satisfaction.
敏捷开发：强调灵活性和客户满意度的软件开发方法论。
Debugging
The process of identifying and fixing bugs or errors in software code.
调试：识别和修复软件代码中的错误或缺陷的过程。
Software Update
A patch or new version of software that fixes issues or adds features.
软件更新：修复问题或添加功能的软件补丁或新版本。
Compatibility
The ability of software or hardware to work with other software or hardware.
兼容性：软件或硬件与其他软件或硬件一起工作的能力。
Performance Optimization
The process of improving the efficiency and speed of software.
性能优化：提高软件效率和速度的过程。
Data Backup
The process of copying data to ensure it can be restored in case of loss.
数据备份：复制数据以确保可以在丢失时恢复的过程。
Data Loss Prevention (DLP)
Strategies and tools used to ensure that sensitive data is not lost or misused.
数据丢失防护（DLP）：用于确保敏感数据不丢失或被滥用的策略和工具。
Data Breach
An incident in which unauthorized access to sensitive data occurs.
数据泄露：发生未经授权访问敏感数据的事件。