Key Word - vocab 

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
   
   

   • English: The part of a computer that performs most of the processing inside a computer.
     
     

   • 中文: 计算机中执行大部分处理的部分。
     
     

2. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
   
   

   • English: A digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logic operations.
     
     

   • 中文: 执行算术和逻辑运算的数字电路。
     
     

3. Control Unit (CU)
   
   

   • English: Manages the execution of instructions by directing the operation of the processor.
     
     

   • 中文: 通过指导处理器操作来管理指令的执行。
     
     

4. Register
   
   

   • English: A small amount of fast storage located in the CPU.
     
     

   • 中文: 位于CPU中的少量快速存储。
     
     

5. System Bus
   
   

   • English: A communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer.
     
     

   • 中文: 在计算机内部组件之间传输数据的通信系统。
     
     

6. Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle
   
   

   • English: The cycle in which the CPU retrieves, interprets, and carries out instructions.
     
     

   • 中文: CPU检索、解释和执行指令的循环。
     
     

7. Instruction Set
   
   

   • English: The complete set of instructions that a CPU can execute.
     
     

   • 中文: CPU可以执行的完整指令集。
     
     

8. Von Neumann Architecture
   
   

   • English: A computer architecture where data and instructions are stored in the same memory.
     
     

   • 中文: 数据和指令存储在相同内存中的计算机架构。
     
     

9. Accumulator (ACC)
   
   

   • English: A register that stores intermediate arithmetic and logic results.
     
     

   • 中文: 存储中间算术和逻辑结果的寄存器。
     
     

10. Program Counter (PC)
    
    

    • English: Holds the address of the next instruction to be executed.
      
      

    • 中文: 保存下一个要执行的指令地址。
      
      

Performance and Optimization

11. Clock Speed
    
    

    • English: The speed at which a CPU executes instructions, measured in GHz.
      
      

    • 中文: CPU执行指令的速度，以GHz衡量。
      
      

12. Overclocking
    
    

    • English: Increasing the CPU speed beyond the manufacturer's specifications.
      
      

    • 中文: 提高CPU速度超出制造商规格。
      
      

13. Core
    
    

    • English: An individual processing unit within a CPU.
      
      

    • 中文: CPU中的单个处理单元。
      
      

14. Multi-core Processor
    
    

    • English: A CPU with multiple cores for simultaneous processing.
      
      

    • 中文: 具有多个核心的CPU，用于同时处理。
      
      

15. Cache Memory
    
    

    • English: Fast memory located within the CPU for frequently accessed data.
      
      

    • 中文: 位于CPU内部的快速内存，用于频繁访问的数据。
      
      

Memory and Storage

16. Primary Storage (RAM)
    
    

    • English: Volatile memory used for active processes.
      
      

    • 中文: 用于活动进程的易失性内存。
      
      

17. Secondary Storage
    
    

    • English: Non-volatile memory for long-term data storage.
      
      

    • 中文: 非易失性存储器，用于长期存储数据。
      
      

18. Virtual Memory
    
    

    • English: Part of the hard drive used as RAM when physical memory is full.
      
      

    • 中文: 当物理内存不足时，硬盘的一部分作为RAM使用。
      
      

19. Cloud Storage
    
    

    • English: Online data storage accessed via the internet.
      
      

    • 中文: 通过互联网访问的在线数据存储。
      
      

20. Flash Memory
    
    

    • English: Non-volatile memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.
      
      

    • 中文: 可通过电擦除和重新编程的非易失性存储器。
      
      

Buses and Data Transfer

21. Address Bus
    
    

    • English: Transports memory addresses.
      
      

    • 中文: 传输内存地址。
      
      

22. Data Bus
    
    

    • English: Transports actual data.
      
      

    • 中文: 传输实际数据。
      
      

23. Control Bus
    
    

    • English: Transmits control signals.
      
      

    • 中文: 传输控制信号。
      
      

24. Bus Width
    
    

    • English: The number of bits that can be transferred simultaneously.
      
      

    • 中文: 可以同时传输的位数。
      
      

25. Data Transfer Rate
    
    

    • English: The speed at which data is transmitted.
      
      

    • 中文: 数据传输的速度。
      
      

Embedded Systems

26. Embedded System
    
    

    • English: A computer system designed for a specific function within a larger system.
      
      

    • 中文: 用于在更大系统中执行特定功能的计算机系统。
      
      

27. Microcontroller
    
    

    • English: A compact integrated circuit for controlling embedded systems.
      
      

    • 中文: 用于控制嵌入式系统的紧凑型集成电路。
      
      

28. System on Chip (SoC)
    
    

    • English: Integrates all components of a computer into a single chip.
      
      

    • 中文: 将计算机的所有组件集成到一个芯片中。
      
      

29. Real-time Operating System (RTOS)
    
    

    • English: An OS designed for real-time applications.
      
      

    • 中文: 设计用于实时应用的操作系统。
      
      

30. Firmware
    
    

    • English: Permanent software programmed into read-only memory.
      
      

    • 中文: 编程到只读存储器中的永久软件。
      
      

(Continue in the next message due to length limitations)

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Input Devices

31. Keyboard
    
    

    • English: A device used to enter text and commands into a computer.
      
      

    • 中文: 用于将文本和命令输入计算机的设备。
      
      

32. Mouse
    
    

    • English: A pointing device used to interact with a computer's graphical user interface.
      
      

    • 中文: 用于与计算机图形用户界面交互的指点设备。
      
      

33. Microphone
    
    

    • English: An input device that captures sound.
      
      

    • 中文: 捕捉声音的输入设备。
      
      

34. Barcode Scanner
    
    

    • English: A device that reads barcodes to retrieve product information.
      
      

    • 中文: 读取条形码以获取产品信息的设备。
      
      

35. QR Code Scanner
    
    

    • English: A device that reads QR codes to decode information.
      
      

    • 中文: 读取QR码以解码信息的设备。
      
      

36. Digital Camera
    
    

    • English: Captures digital images or videos.
      
      

    • 中文: 捕捉数字图像或视频。
      
      

37. Touch Screen
    
    

    • English: An input device that registers touch to interact with a computer.
      
      

    • 中文: 通过触摸与计算机交互的输入设备。
      
      

38. Optical Mouse
    
    

    • English: Uses light to detect movement.
      
      

    • 中文: 使用光来检测移动的鼠标。
      
      

39. Joystick
    
    

    • English: An input device that controls movement in computer games or simulations.
      
      

    • 中文: 控制计算机游戏或模拟中的运动的输入设备。
      
      

40. Light Pen
    
    

    • English: A pointing device that detects light from a computer screen.
      
      

    • 中文: 检测计算机屏幕光线的指点设备。
      
      

Output Devices

41. Monitor
    
    

    • English: A display device used to visually present output.
      
      

    • 中文: 用于直观显示输出的显示设备。
      
      

42. Printer
    
    

    • English: An output device that produces a physical copy of digital documents.
      
      

    • 中文: 生成数字文档物理副本的输出设备。
      
      

43. Laser Printer
    
    

    • English: Uses a laser beam to print high-quality text and graphics.
      
      

    • 中文: 使用激光束打印高质量文本和图形。
      
      

44. Inkjet Printer
    
    

    • English: Sprays ink onto paper to form images and text.
      
      

    • 中文: 将墨水喷射到纸上以形成图像和文本。
      
      

45. 3D Printer
    
    

    • English: Creates three-dimensional objects by layering material.
      
      

    • 中文: 通过分层材料创建三维物体的打印机。
      
      

46. Speaker
    
    

    • English: Converts electrical signals into sound.
      
      

    • 中文: 将电信号转换为声音的设备。
      
      

47. Headphones
    
    

    • English: A pair of small speakers worn over or in the ears.
      
      

    • 中文: 戴在耳朵上或耳内的一对小型扬声器。
      
      

48. Projector
    
    

    • English: Projects images or videos onto a larger screen.
      
      

    • 中文: 将图像或视频投影到更大屏幕上的设备。
      
      

49. Actuator
    
    

    • English: A device that converts electrical signals into physical motion.
      
      

    • 中文: 将电信号转换为物理运动的设备。
      
      

50. Light Projector
    
    

    • English: A device that projects visual content onto a surface.
      
      

    • 中文: 将视觉内容投影到表面的设备。
      
      

Data Representation and Processing

51. Binary Code
    
    

    • English: A coding system using binary digits (0 and 1).
      
      

    • 中文: 使用二进制数字（0和1）的编码系统。
      
      

52. Hexadecimal
    
    

    • English: A base-16 number system used to represent binary data concisely.
      
      

    • 中文: 使用16进制表示二进制数据的系统。
      
      

53. Opcode
    
    

    • English: The part of a machine language instruction that specifies the operation.
      
      

    • 中文: 指令集中指定操作的部分。
      
      

54. Operand
    
    

    • English: The data on which an operation is performed.
      
      

    • 中文: 执行操作的数据。
      
      

Performance Metrics and Optimization

55. Latency
    
    

    • English: The delay between an instruction being issued and its execution.
      
      

    • 中文: 指令发出与执行之间的延迟。
      
      

56. Throughput
    
    

    • English: The amount of work a system can perform in a given time.
      
      

    • 中文: 系统在给定时间内能够完成的工作量。
      
      

57. Instruction Pipeline
    
    

    • English: A technique that allows overlapping execution of instructions.
      
      

    • 中文: 允许指令重叠执行的技术。
      
      

58. Multiprocessing
    
    

    • English: Using two or more CPUs within a single computer system.
      
      

    • 中文: 在单个计算机系统中使用两个或更多CPU。
      
      

59. Parallel Processing
    
    

    • English: Simultaneous data processing using multiple processors.
      
      

    • 中文: 使用多个处理器进行并行数据处理。
      
      

60. Hyper-Threading
    
    

    • English: Intel's technology that allows multiple threads to be executed simultaneously.
      
      

    • 中文: 英特尔技术，允许同时执行多个线程。
      
      

Network and Communication Hardware

61. Network Interface Card (NIC)
    
    

    • English: Connects a computer to a network.
      
      

    • 中文: 将计算机连接到网络的硬件组件。
      
      

62. Router
    
    

    • English: A device that forwards data packets between networks.
      
      

    • 中文: 在网络之间转发数据包的设备。
      
      

63. Switch
    
    

    • English: A device that connects multiple devices within a network.
      
      

    • 中文: 连接网络中多个设备的设备。
      
      

64. Modem
    
    

    • English: A device that modulates and demodulates signals for internet access.
      
      

    • 中文: 调制和解调信号以访问互联网的设备。
      
      

65. Hub
    
    

    • English: A network device that connects multiple Ethernet devices.
      
      

    • 中文: 连接多个以太网设备的网络设备。
      
      

(Continued in the next message...)

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ChatGPT said:

Network and Communication Hardware (continued)

66. Bridge
    
    

    • English: Connects two or more network segments, reducing network traffic.
      
      

    • 中文: 连接两个或多个网络段，减少网络流量。
      
      

67. Repeater
    
    

    • English: A device that amplifies signals to extend transmission distance.
      
      

    • 中文: 放大信号以延长传输距离的设备。
      
      

68. Gateway
    
    

    • English: A device that connects different networks, translating protocols as needed.
      
      

    • 中文: 连接不同网络并根据需要转换协议的设备。
      
      

69. Access Point (AP)
    
    

    • English: A device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network.
      
      

    • 中文: 允许无线设备连接到有线网络的设备。
      
      

70. Firewall
    
    

    • English: A network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing traffic.
      
      

    • 中文: 监控和控制进出流量的网络安全系统。
      
      

Display and Imaging Devices

71. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
    
    

    • English: A flat-panel display technology that uses liquid crystals to produce images.
      
      

    • 中文: 使用液晶显示图像的平板显示技术。
      
      

72. Light Emitting Diode (LED)
    
    

    • English: A semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it.
      
      

    • 中文: 当电流通过时发出光的半导体器件。
      
      

73. Digital Light Processing (DLP)
    
    

    • English: A display technology that uses micro-mirrors to reflect light and project images.
      
      

    • 中文: 使用微镜反射光线和投影图像的显示技术。
      
      

74. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
    
    

    • English: An old display technology that uses electron beams to produce images on a phosphorescent screen.
      
      

    • 中文: 使用电子束在荧光屏上产生图像的旧显示技术。
      
      

75. Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)
    
    

    • English: A display technology where organic compounds emit light in response to an electric current.
      
      

    • 中文: 有机化合物在电流作用下发光的显示技术。