Data Packet (数据包)
A small part of a message/data that is transmitted over a network; after transmission, all the data packets are reassembled to form the original message/data.
通过网络传输的消息/数据的小部分；传输后，所有数据包都会重新组装成原始消息/数据。
Packet Header (数据包头部)
The part of the data packet that contains the IP addresses of the sender and receiver and includes the packet number, which allows reassembly of the data packets.
数据包的一部分，其中包含发送方和接收方的 IP 地址，并包括数据包编号，以便重新组装数据包。
Packet Trailer (数据包尾部)
The part of a data packet that indicates the end of the data packet and includes cyclic redundancy check (CRC) error detection.
数据包的一部分，指示数据包的结束，并包含循环冗余校验（CRC）错误检测。
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) (循环冗余校验)
An error-checking method in which all the 1-bits in the data packet payload are added and the total is stored in the packet trailer; the same calculation is repeated at the receiving station.
一种错误检查方法，将数据包负载中的所有 1 位相加，并将总数存储在数据包尾部；接收端重复相同的计算。
Payload (有效负载)
The actual data being carried in a data packet.
数据包中实际携带的数据。
Node (节点)
Stages in a network that can receive and transmit data packets; routers are nodes in communication networks.
网络中的阶段，可以接收和传输数据包；路由器是通信网络中的节点。
Packet Switching (分组交换)
A method of transmission in which a message is broken into many data packets, which can then be sent along pathways independently of each other.
一种传输方法，消息被拆分成多个数据包，这些数据包可以独立沿不同路径传输。
Router (路由器)
A device that enables data packets to be moved between different networks, for example, to join a LAN to a WAN.
允许数据包在不同网络之间传输的设备，例如连接局域网（LAN）到广域网（WAN）。
Real-Time Streaming (实时流媒体传输)
The transmission of data over a network for live events where the data is sent as soon as it is received or generated.
通过网络传输数据以进行直播活动，数据在接收或生成后立即发送。
Hopping/Hop Number (跳跃/跳数)
A number in a data packet header used to stop data packets that never reach their destination from clogging up the network.
数据包头中的一个数字，用于防止未到达目的地的数据包阻塞网络。
Simplex (单工通信)
Data that can be sent in one direction only.
数据只能单向传输。
Half-Duplex (半双工通信)
Data that can be sent in both directions but not at the same time.
数据可以双向传输，但不能同时进行。
Full-Duplex (全双工通信)
Data that can be sent in both directions at the same time.
数据可以同时在两个方向上进行传输。
Serial Data Transmission (串行数据传输)
Sending data down one channel/wire one bit at a time.
通过一个通道/电线一次发送一位数据。
Parallel Data Transmission (并行数据传输)
Sending data down several channels/wires several bits at a time (usually one byte).
通过多个通道/电线同时发送多个位的数据（通常为一个字节）。
Skewed Data (数据偏移)
Data that arrives at the destination with the bits no longer synchronized.
数据到达目的地时，位不再同步。
Universal Serial Bus (USB) (通用串行总线)
A type of serial data transmission that has become the industry standard for connecting computers to devices via a USB port.
一种串行数据传输方式，已成为通过 USB 端口连接计算机与设备的行业标准。
Parity Check (奇偶校验)
A method used to check if data has been transferred correctly; it makes use of even parity (an even number of 1-bits) or odd parity (an odd number of 1-bits).
一种检查数据是否正确传输的方法；使用偶校验（偶数个 1 位）或奇校验（奇数个 1 位）。
Checksum (校验和)
A verification method used to check if transferred data has been altered or corrupted; calculated from the block of data being sent.
用于检查传输数据是否被更改或损坏的验证方法；从发送的数据块计算得出。
Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) (自动重传请求)
A method of checking transmitted data for errors; it makes use of acknowledgment and timeout to automatically request re-sending of data if the time interval before positive acknowledgment is too long.
一种检查传输数据是否有错误的方法；利用确认和超时机制，如果在超时之前未收到确认，则自动请求重新发送数据。
Acknowledgment (确认信息)
A message sent to the receiver indicating that data has been received correctly (used in ARQ error detection).
发送给接收方的消息，表明数据已正确接收（用于 ARQ 错误检测）。
Timeout (超时机制)
The time interval allowed to elapse before an acknowledgment is received (in ARQ error detection).
在 ARQ 错误检测中，允许在收到确认信息之前经过的时间间隔。
Echo Check (回声检查)
A method used to check if data has been transferred correctly; data is sent to a receiver and then immediately sent back to the sender for comparison.
一种检查数据是否正确传输的方法；数据发送到接收方后立即返回给发送方进行比较。
Check Digit (校验位)
An additional digit appended to a number to check if the entered number is error-free.
附加到数字中的一个额外数字，用于检查输入的数字是否无误。
Encryption (加密)
The process of making data unreadable without the correct decryption key.
使数据无法读取的过程，除非使用正确的解密密钥。
Plaintext (明文)
The original text/message before it is put through an encryption algorithm.
在通过加密算法处理之前的原始文本/消息。
Ciphertext (密文)
Encrypted data that is the result of putting a plaintext message through an encryption algorithm.
通过加密算法处理后的加密数据。
Symmetric Encryption (对称加密)
A type of encryption where the same encryption key is used for both encryption and decryption.
一种加密方法，使用相同的加密密钥进行加密和解密。
Asymmetric Encryption (非对称加密)
A type of encryption that uses public keys and private keys to ensure data security.
使用公钥和私钥进行数据安全加密的一种方法。
Public Key (公钥)
A type of encryption key that is known to all users.
公开给所有用户的加密密钥。
Private Key (私钥)
A type of encryption key that is known only to the single user.
仅用户自己知道的加密密钥。