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VI. THE VERB.
§ 36. Idiom neutral has only one conjugation for all verbs; there are six tenses: present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, future, and future perfect.
§ 37. The present active is formed from the simple root of the verb, and is recognized by the place that the verb occupies in the sentence, namely after the subject, e. g. mi am I love, infant dorm the child sleeps. (r. 61).
The form of the present, as also of all other tenses of the indicative and conditional, is independent of the gender, grammatical person, and number of the subject, that is, it always remains unchanged, (r. 59) e. g.
mi am,
I love.
noi am,
we love.
vo am,
you love.
voi am,
you love.
il am,
he loves.
ili am,
they love.
ila am,
she loves.
ilai am,
they love.
it am,
it loves.
on am,
one loves.
§ 38. The imperfect is formed by adding the suffix -av to the root (r. 87) e. g.
mi amav, I loved;
the future, by adding the suffix -ero, (r. 88) e. g.
mi amero, I shall love.
§ 39. In the same way the present, imperfect, and future of all other verbs are formed, including avar, to have, and esar, to be, which are used as auxiliaries in forming other tenses, thus:
- mi av, I have.
- mi es, I am.
- mi avav, I had.
- mi esav, I was.
- mi avero, I shall have.
- mi esero, I shall be.
The passive participle, which is used also in forming some other tenses, always ends in -ed, (r. 94) e. g.
- amed, loved.
- aved, had.
- esed, been.
§ 40. The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect active (r. 95) are formed by means of the auxiliary verb avar and the passive participle of the respective verb; thus there is employed for the formation of the
(a) perfect
the present of avar, e. g. mi av amed, I have loved.
(b) pluperfect
the imperfect of avar, e. g. mi avav amed, I had loved.
(c) future perfect
the future of avar, e. g. mi avero amed, I shall have loved.
§ 41. The present conditional is formed by adding the suffix –erio to the root, e. g.
mi amerio, I should love. (r. 96).
§ 42. The past conditional is formed by using the present conditional of the auxiliary verb avar and the passive participle of the respective verb, e. g. mi averio amed, I should have loved. (r. 73).
§ 43. The subjunctive has the same form as the conditional and is used in conditional secondary propositions with the conjunction if, if the condition expressed is considered as not having happened or as not actual, e. g. mi akuirerio dom, if mi eserio rik, I should buy a house, if I were rich.
Remark. In secondary propositions with the conjunction ke, that, the indicative, not the subjunctive, is used, e. g. on dik, ke il es malad, they say that he is sick or they say he is sick; (r. 74) the conjunction ke, that, is never omitted, though it may be in English.
§ 44. The imperative is formed by the addition of the following suffixes to the root of the verb:
(a) for the 2d pers. sing. -a, e. g. ama! love you!
(b) for the 2d pers. plur. -ate, e g. amate! love ye!
(c) for the 1st pers. plur. -am, e. g. amam! let us love!.
For the third person the conjunction ke, that, is used, e. g. [mi komand, mi demand, mi desir] ke il (ili) am! let him (them) love! ke nostr patria viv! long live our native land! (r. 75).
§ 45. The general infinitive suffix is -ar, e g. amar, to love. (r. 36).
§ 46. If the sense positively requires that past time be indicated (which is very seldom), the past infinitive may be formed by the suffix -avar or by the infinitive of the auxiliary verb avar with the passive participle of the respective verb, e. g. amavar or avar amed, to have loved. (r. 91).—The future infinitive (a still rarer form) is formed by the suffix -erar, e. g. amerar, to be about to love. (r. 92).
§ 47. The general suffix for the active participle is -ant, e. g. amant, loving. (r. 58).
§ 48. The past participle is forned by means of the suffix -avant or by the participle of the verb avar with the passive participle of the respective verb, e. g. amavant or avant amed, having loved. (r.89)
The future participle is formed by means of the suffix -erant, e. g. amerant, being about to love. (r. 90).
§ 49. The participial adverb is obtained by adding the adverbial suffix -e to the participle, e. g. amante, lovingly; ridante, laughingly. (r. 58).
§ 50. The indicative, conditional, imperative and infinitive passive are formed by means of the active of the auxiliary verb esar, to be, and the passive participle of the respective verb, e. g.
INDICATIVE.
Present:
mi es amed,
I am loved.
Imperfect:
mi esav amed,
I was loved.
Perfect:
mi av esed amed,
I have been loved.
Pluperfect:
mi avav esed amed,
I had been loved.
Future:
mi esero amed,
I shall be loved.
Future Perfect:
mi avero esed amed,
I shall have been loved.
CONDITIONAL.
Present:
mi eserio amed,
I should be loved.
Past:
mi averio esed amed,
I should have been loved.
IMPERATIVE.
2d pers. sing.:
esa amed!
be loved !
2d pers. plur.:
esate amed!
be ye loved !
1st pers. plur.:
esam amed!
let us be loved !
INFINITIVE.
esar amed, to be loved. (r. 76).
§ 51. The passive participle, as already mentioned (§ 39), is formed by the addition of the suffix -ed to the root, e. g. amed, loved.
The past participle takes the suffix -aved, the future -ered, e. g. amaved, having been loved; amered, about to be loved. (r. 94).
§ 52. The gerundive is formed by means of the suffix: -and, e. g. amand, to be loved (that must, ought, deserves, to be loved). (r. 97).
§ 53. The following synopsis gives a distinct idea of the conjugation of the verb amar, to love:
ACTIVE.
PASSIVE.
(a) Indicative.
Present:
mi am.
mi es amed.
Imperfect:
mi amav.
mi esav amed.
Perfect:
mi av amed.
mi av esed amed.
Pluperfect:
mi avav amed.
mi avav esed amed.
Future:
mi amero.
mi esero amed.
Future Perfect:
mi avero amed.
mi avero esed amed.
(b) Conditional.
Present:
mi amerio.
mi eserio amed.
Past:
mi averio amed.
mi averio esed amed.
(c) Imperative.
2d pers. sing.:
ama!
esa amed!
2d pers. plur.:
amate!
esate amed!
1st pers. plur.:
amam!
esam amed!
(d) Infinitive.
amar.
esar amed.
(e) Participle.
amant.
amed.
(f) Gerundive.
amand.
All verbs without exception can be conjugated according to this model; and any subject may be used instead of the pronoun mi, e. g. mi skrib, I write; vo audiav, you heard; il av oleed, he has oiled; voi avav volued, you had wished; noi andero, we shall go; it avero esed aksentued, it will have been accented; paya! pay! etc.
§ 54. In impersonal verbs the pronoun it, it, is used as subject, e. g. it pluvi, it rains. (r. 78).
§ 55. Reflexive verbs are conjugated according to the following rules: (r. 98)
(a) For the first and second person singular and plural of the indicative, conditional and imperative, a personal pronoun [mi, vo, noi, voi] corresponding to the subject is used after the verb, e. g.
mi lav mi, I wash myself.
vo lav vo, you wash yourself.
noi lav noi, we wash ourselves.
mi e mie fratr vis noi in miror, my brother and I see ourselves in the mirror.
mi laverio mi, I should wash myself,
lava vo! wash yourself !
lavate voi!
lavam noi! let us wash ourselves !
(b) In all other cases the pronoun se is used after the verb, e. g.
il lav se, he washes himself.
femini lav se, women wash themselves.
lavar se, to wash one’s self.
lavant se, washing one’s self.
§ 56. Reciprocity is indicated by the pronoun unotr or by the adverb resiproke, e. g. noi vis unotr in miror or noi vis noi resiproke in miror, we see each other in the mirror; patr e filio am unotr or patr e filio am se resiproke, father and son love each other. (r. 98).
§ 57. Questions, both direct and indirect, are introduced by the conjunction eske, whether, if an interrogative word is not already in the sentence, (c. 23/28, 42/44) e. g.
Eske vo volu skribar? Do you wish to write?
Mi no konos, eske it plis a vo, I do not know whether it pleases you.
If, on the contrary, there is an interrogative word in the sentence, eske is omitted; the interrogative word always precedes the verb, (Gl. n.) e. g.
Ki parl? Who speaks?
Libr de ki es su tabl? Whose book is on the table?
A ki vo donav flori? To whom did you give the flowers?
Ki patr puni? Whom does the father punish?
Ko ki vo esav in teatr? With whom were you in the theater?
Kuant arbori es in votr hort? How many trees are in your garden?
Kuant paroli vo av skribed? How many words have you written?
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