Gramatik

V. THE PRONOUN.

§ 24. The Personal Pronoun. (r. 122).

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.

1st Person:

mi, I.

noi, we.

2d “

vo, you.

voi, you

3d “

il, he.

ili, they (masc. and neut.).

ila, she.

ilai, they (fem.).

it, it.

— —

on, one, they, people.

The reflexive pronoun is se, self.

§ 25. If only one person is addressed, the pronoun is always in the singular, namely vo.

Remark. There is also another pronoun for the second person singular, namely tu; but it is used only for a literal translation of the word thou, if such translation is absolutely necessary. (r. 79).

§ 26. The pronouns il, ila, it are employed according to the following rule: il is used if we speak of persons or animals without distinction of sex, or of male persons or animals; ila—if we speak of female persons or animals; it—if we speak of notions signifying neither persons nor mammals.—ilai is used only if there is special question of female persons or animals; in all other cases the plural form is ili. (r. 122).

§ 27. The pronoun it with an adjective or participle following is used to express the indefinite, e. g. it bel the beautiful, it bon the good, it lekted the read (what has been read). (r. 122).

§ 28. Personal pronouns (also other words) can be made emphatic by the addition of the pronoun aut self, e. g. mi aut I myself, vo aut you yourself, direktor aut the director himself. (r. 122).

§ 29. The personal pronouns (as also all other pronouns used as substantives) are declined by placing the preposition de (for the genitive) and a (for the dative) before them, e. g. mi I, de mi of me, a mi to me, mi me; voi you, de voi of you, a voi to you, voi you. (r. 122).

§ 30. THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUN.

1st Person:

mie, my, mine.

nostr, our, ours.

2d “

votr, your, yours.

vostr, your, yours

3d “

sie, his, her, hers, its.

lor, their, theirs.

The reflexive possessive pronoun is sue his (own), her (own), its (own), their (own). It is used instead of sie and lor, if it relates to the subject of the sentence in which it stands. (c. 31/36). The possessive pronoun tue corresponds to the personal pronoun tu. (r. 79).

§ 31. The possessives, and in general all pronouns that relate to a substantive, are always placed before the respective substantive, e. g. mie dom my house, ist sirkular this circular, kel tabl? which table? kuant homi? how many men (human beings)? kelk paroli some words, omni lingui all languages. (r. 84).

§ 32. THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN.

ist, this.

ist-kos, this (thing).

el, that.

el-kos, that (thing).

tel, that, the one.

tel-kos, that (neuter).

el sem, the same.

yuste el sem, just the same.

it sem, the same thing.

yuste it sem, just the same thing.

In case the pronouns ist and el are used as substantives, they may take the masculine suffix -o and the feminine -a, if we wish to specify particularly the sex of the persons or animals spoken of. e. g. ista, elo. (c. 42/44, 46/48, r. 122).

ist-kos, el-kos, tel-kos, it sem and yuste it sem can be used only substantively.

§ 33. THE INTERROGATIVE AND, EQUALLY, RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

ki? who?

kel? who? which? what? that?

kekos? what? which?

The pronoun ki is used for persons and kekos for all other notions. (r. 122).

These pronouns are declined like substantives by means of the prepositions de and a, and kel takes in the plural the suffix -i: keli. If it should be necessary to indicate the sex of the persons or animals spoken of, kel may take the endings -o and -a, e. g. matr de ist sinior, kela veniav a mi, the mother of this gentleman, who (the mother) came to me.

The pronoun kel may also be used adjectively, in which case it remains unchanged, e. g. kel sinior es votr fratr? which gentleman is your brother? kel siniora es votr matr?which lady is your mother?—The remaining interrogative and relative pronouns can be used only substantively. (c. 42/44).

§ 34. THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

kelk, some, any, several,

kelk-kos, something, anything.

kelk-hom, somebody, some one, anybody, anyone.

kelk-un, some, any, a.

nohom, nobody, no one.

nokos, nothing.

noun, no

omni (followed by the sing.), each, every.

omni (followed by the plur.), all.

omni du, both.

omni-hom, everybody, everyone, each one, each.

omni kekos, whatever.

omni ki, whoever, whichever.

omni-kos, everything.

otr, other.

otr-kos, something else.

sert, (a) certain.

sert-kos, a certain thing, some thing.

un—otr, the one—the other.

The pronouns kelk, omni, otr, sert and un—otr can be used substantively and adjectively.—Pronouns used substantively are declined by means of de and a and the suffix -i for the plural. These pronouns can take the suffixes -o and -a, if it be necessary to indicate the sex. (r. 122).

The pronouns otr and sert can take the adverbial suffix -e, in which case they mean: otre otherwise, else; serte certainly, surely. (c. 27/32, 42/44).

§ 35. THE CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS.

kual? what kind of?

tal, such.

kuant? how much? how many?

tant, so much, so many.

These pronouns can take the adverbial suffix -e, in which case they mean:

kuale? how?

tale, so.

kuante? how much?

tante, so much, so greatly.

(c. 42/44).