Gramatik

VII. THE ADVERB.

§ 58. Adverbs are distinguished as primitive and derivative.

§ 59. The following are the primitive adverbs: (c. 42/44)

a (before numerals), apiece, each.

ankor, still, yet.

bene, well.

denove, again, anew.

ergo, therefore, consequently.

gratis, gratis.

ipse, even.

kuasi, nearly, almost.

la, there.

leplu, most.

minu, less.

no, no, not.

plu, more.

respektive, respectively.

retro, back.

si, yes.

sirka, around, about.

tro, too.

ya, already.

§ 60. The remaining adverbs are derivative, and they are formed by adding the suffix –e to other parts of speech or to roots, (r. 37) e. g.

dome, at home.

fakte, in fact.

finie, finally, at last.

frekuente, frequently, often.

interiore, within.

kontinue, continuously.

lente, slowly.

multe, much, very.

noktue, by night.

norde, in the north.

obstine, notwithstanding.

pede, afoot, on foot.

pene, hardly, scarcely.

posible, possibly, perhaps.

probable, probably.

rare, rarely, seldom.

serte, certainly, surely.

setre, moreover.

sikause, hence.

sole, only.

sue-tempe, in due time, duly.

sufise, enough, sufficiently.

tale, thus, so.

totale, totally, wholly.

ulteriore, further.

Remark. For the adverbs in -foa see Chapter IV., § 17 (Iteratives).

§ 61. The following are the Interrogative adverbs:

kefrekuente? how often?

kekause? why?

kelfoa? which time?

kelimfoa? see Dictionary.

keloke? keplase? where?

kemaniere? in what manner?

kuale? how?

kuande? when?

kuante? how much?

kuantfoa? how many times?

The interrogative adverbs can be used also as relatives. (c. 42/44).

§ 62. The prefixes si- and pre-, the preposition po and the adverb plu are joined to the word diurn, day, to form words denoting days close at hand: (r. 125)

sidiurne, to-day.

pre-sidiurne, yesterday.

posidiurne, to-morrow.

plupre-sidiurne, day before yesterday.

plu-posidiurne, day after to-morrow.

In the same way also from other roots, hor hour, seman week, mens month, anu year, etc., adverbs of time are formed, e. g. sihore at this hour, presimense last month, plu-posianueyear after next, simomente at this instant.

§ 63. Adverbs are compared by placing the adverb plu for the comparative, and leplu for the superlative, before the word to be compared, (r. 123) e. g.

• tarde late.
• plu tarde later.
• leplu tarde latest.

§ 64. An adverb used to modify a verb is always placed after it, e. g. skribar korekte to write correctly, mi skrib korekte I write correctly. The adverb no forms an exception to this rule, and is always placed before the verb, e. g. mi no skrib I do not write.—An adverb used to modify any other part of speech than a verb is placed before this word, e. g. multegrand very great, no ankor not yet, yuste ist just this. (r. 84).

Remark. Complements of time, place and reason may be placed before the verb, if they are of special importance, e. g. nokuande mi skribav tale never did I write so, in ist domEmerson moriav in this house Emerson died, kausu pluvi noi restero dome because of the rain we shall remain at home. (Gl. n.).