3.6.1 explain processes of diffusion and osmosis.
Review topics in JHS syllabus on diffusion and osmosis.
Perform simple experiments to demonstrate diffusion in air and liquids.
Perform experiment to demonstrate osmosis in a living tissue using yam/cassava/cocoyam and in a non-living tissue using cellophane sheet.
Record and discuss your observations.
Give examples of life processes in which diffusion and osmosis occur, e.g. absorption in the small intestine, re-absorption of water in the kidney and transpiration.
PROJECT:
Group of student to apply the principles of osmosis in the following activities:
i. Salting of fish for preservation e.g. Tilapia ("koobi") ii. Preservation of liquid food products e.g. fruit juice concentrate
(a ). Explain the following terms:
i. hypertonic solution
ii. hypotonic solution
iii. isotonic solution
(b). Explain the effect of introducing red blood cell into
i. hypertonic solution
ii. hypotonic solution
iii. isotonic solution
Two containers X and Y each hold one litre of air. X also contains 0.4g of a gas and Y contains 0.6 g of the same gas.
Two containers X and Y each hold one litre of air. X also contains 0.4g of a gas and Y contains 0.6 g of the same gas. The two containers are connected.
(i). Which way will the gas diffuse?
(ii). After a long period of time, what will be the concentration of the gas (in grams per litre) in each container?
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4.1.1 distinguish between various forms of energy and modes of transformation.
Refer to JHS syllabus for a review on forms of energy.
Illustrate with flow charts to show the following energy transformations:
1. solar energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis. 2. chemical energy to electrical energy in voltaic cells
3. solar energy to electrical energy in solar cells.
4. chemical energy in fossil fuel into thermal energy/electrical energy
5. potential energy to kinetic energy in falling object.
6. electrical energy to light energy in bulbs.
7. chemical energy is released from glucose during cellular respiration.
With the aid of diagrams show the energy transformation in (i) photosynthesis (ii) respiration.
4.1.2 discuss the conservation of energy and efficiency of energy conversion.
discuss the principle of conservation of energy.
demonstrate the principle of transformation of energy by considering the transformation of potential energy to kinetic energy using a falling object.
discuss the efficiency (E) of energy conversion using the expression energy output
Describe three activities to show how energy is conserved.
Explain why the efficiency of energy converters is not 100%
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4.2.1 identify the uses of solar energy.
Generation of electricity from solar panel/solar cells.
Drying.
Solar heaters
Application of solar energy in practical daily activities.
discuss the main applications of solar energy: generating electricity, drying materials and heating substances.
Carry out practical activities to demonstrate the application of solar energy to:
1. dry clothes
2. heat water for bathing
3. dry crops for preservation
4. cook, e.g. corn, sausages, hot dog, fish and ripe plantain
5. boil an egg.
Describe the process involved in the generation of electricity from solar panel.
Outline the advantages of solar energy over the use of fossil fuel as source of energy.
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4.3.1 describe the process of photosynthesis.
The process of photosynthesis.
Conditions for photosynthesis:
Light, Chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water.
Carry out control experiments to show the necessity of light, chlorophyll and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
Discuss the conditions of photosynthesis.
4.3.2. explain the process of the transformation of energy that occurs during photosynthesis.
Conversion of light energy to chemical energy.
Use word and symbol equations to show how light energy is trapped during the process of photosynthesis and converted to glucose.
Test for starch in a leaf.
Describe an experiment to demonstrate that light is essential for photosynthesis.