1.5.1 describe the structure and function of plant and animal cells.
Types of plant and animal cells
Specialized cells.
Review the structure and function of plant and animal cells in a discussion.
Observe prepared slides of different types of plant and animal cells. e.g. red blood cell, nerve cell, leaf epidermal cell, sperm cell, leaf palisade cell, lymphocyte, phagocyte.
Discuss the functions of cell organelles. draw and label plant and animal cells.
NOTE:
1. Electron micrographs can be obtained from books. Mention should be made of stem cells.
1. State six differences between plant and animal cells.
2. State one function of each of the following organelles:
(i) Mitochondrion.
(ii) Chloroplast.
(iii) Nucleus.
(v) Endoplasmic reticulum
(vi) Vacuole.
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1.6.1 describe the major types of rocks, their formation and characteristics.
Rocks: Types (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic), formation and characteristics.
discuss the formation of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and their characteristics
State two characteristics each of the following rock types:
(i) Sedimentary rocks.
(ii) Igneous rocks.
1.6.2 explain the process of weathering of rocks.
Weathering of rocks: physical, biological, chemical.
Discuss physical, biological and chemical weathering of rocks.
NOTE: Explanation of the effect of hydration, hydrolysis, carbonation and oxidation on rocks is required.
Investigate and write a report on types of weathering processes occurring in the school community.
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2.1.1 explain the formation of land and sea breezes.
Design models to demonstrate convectional current during the formation of land and sea breezes.
NOTE:
Examples of models that could be designed are the smoke box and heated water with crystals of KMnO4.
Explain why sea breeze occurs during the day and land breeze during the night.
2.1.2 identify the various types of air masses and describe their pattern of movement.
Trade winds: Easterlies and Westerlies.
Design models and discuss the direction of movement of major air masses on the earth‟s surface.
NOTE: Description of pattern of air movement should be limited to air masses affecting seasons in the West African sub-region.
2.1.3 describe the effect of moving air masses.
Effect of moving air masses: Formation of storms/cyclones.
Precautions against the effects of storms.
Discuss differences between air masses and storms.
Discuss early warning signs of approaching storms.
Discuss some effects of moving air masses: Spread of pollutants, effect on climate etc.
NOTE:
Tornadoes, hurricanes, typhoons are terms which describe cyclones in different parts of the world.
PROJECT:
Students in groups of two or three to use search engines from the internet or local newspapers or international news stations to gather information and write a report on storms around the world, forecasting procedures, early warning signs etc.
Students make a presentation of report in class for discussion and award of marks.
Mention two warning signs of approaching storms and two precautions to be taken to ensure safety.
Draw a future's wheel to show
the consequences of the spread of pollutants by moving air masses around the earth.
Explain how pollutants from one country could lead to problems in another country.
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2.2.1 describe the nitrogen cycle.
Draw and discuss the Nitrogen cycle.
discuss the importance of the nitrogen cycle to plants and animals e.g. improvement of soil fertility.
Explain the following processes involved in the nitrogen cycle:
- nitrification
- denitrification
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3.1.1 describe the structure and functions of the mammalian skeleton.
Major parts of the mammalian skeleton and their functions.
Axial skeleton: Skull and vertebral column.
Appendicular skeleton: Limbs and the limb girdles
use a model of a mammalian skeleton to discuss major parts of the mammalian skeleton and their functions.
NOTE:
1. Discussion to include types of joints.
2. Detailed treatment of the structure of individual bones not needed.
Outline five functions of the mammalian skeleton.
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3.2.1 identify parts of a flower and variations in flower structure.
Structure of flowers.
examine the following:
Complete flower and also half flower with free parts. Bi-sexual flower, e.g. Flamboyant or Pride of Barbados or Hibiscus.
Uni-sexual flower with free parts e.g. water melon, gourd, pawpaw and Paretusa.
PROJECT:
1. make a collection of about ten different flower specimens.
2. open fully to locate the main parts.
3. mount each flower on a separate sheet of paper and the parts separated out and labeled.
4. enclose each flower with a plastic sheet and transparent tape.
display work by groups on a bulletin board or science table for award of marks.
Make a half-flower drawing of a bi-sexual flower and label the parts.
3.2.2 describe the processes of pollination and fertilization.
Mechanisms of pollination and fertilization.
Formation of fruits and seeds.
Refer to JHS syllabus to review the process of pollination and fertilization. Fertilization should be limited to processes where the male nuclei fuses with female nuclei to form zygote and endosperm.
Formation of fruits and seeds should be discussed.
Watch digitized or video version of pollination and fertilization.
3.2.3 describe different types of fruits.
Types of fruits: dry fruits and fleshy or succulent fruits.
Collect different types of fruits and group them into dry and fleshy or succulent fruits.
Draw a section of a drupe and a berry, e.g. mango and cowpea.
3.2.4 describe the structure of seeds and state the functions of their parts.
Seed structure:
Endospermous (monocots) and non-endospermous (dicots) seeds.
GROUP ACTIVITY:
1. make a collection of different seeds from the community.
2. Study the features, draw and label the longitudinal section of two of the seeds e.g. maize and Jatropha sp.
3. list the functions of the parts.
4. keep information on each seed including name of collector, date of collection, differences in size, shape, colour and uses.
Study and discuss the structure of seeds/fruits and how they are adapted to their mode of dispersal; agents for dispersal.
Draw and label a named endospermous seed and give the functions of each labeled part.
3.2.5 identify the agents of dispersal of seeds and fruits.
Seeds and fruits dispersal.
Study and discuss the structure of seeds/fruits and how they are adapted to their mode of dispersal; agents for dispersal.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of fruit and seed dispersal.
Relate the structure of the following seeds and fruits to their mode of dispersal:
1. Balsam fruit
2. Pride of Barbados fruit
3. Mango fruit
4. Coconut fruit
5. Silk cotton seed
6. Tridax sp.
3.2.6 describe the process and conditions necessary for germination.
Process and conditions of germination.
Types of seed germination: Hypogeal, Epigeal.
Review the process and conditions for germination of seeds in JHS syllabus.
Sow different types of seeds and identify the type of germination of each. e.g. maize(hypogeal), cowpea, groundnut/peanut (Epigeal)
Use diagrams to explain epigeal and hypogeal germination.
3.2.7 describe vegetative (asexual) reproduction in plants.
Methods of vegetative reproduction in plants and their importance.
bring samples of propagatory materials to examine and discuss how new plants are produced from corms, setts, bulbs, rhizomes, cuttings, stolons runners,
Discuss budding and grafting.
Write word equations for aerobic and anaerobic respirations.
Outline two advantages and two disadvantages of vegetative propagation of plants.
Distinguish between budding and grafting.