• Secondary Infection
• Looks similar to Cotton Wool
• Small black patches may be seen
• Abnormal, circular movements may be seen
• Can cause damage to brain, kidney, and liver

CAUSES:

• Generally Contracted After a Primary illness or injury
• Contact with Saprolegnia spp., or Ichthyophonus hoferi

TREATMENT:

• Medicate (Fungus Clear, Methylene Blue, Potassium Permanganate, Triple Sulfa, Erythromycin, Maracyn Two)
• Raise water temperature to 82 degrees if possible

• Cotton like patches around body, gills, and/or fins starting small that develop and grow larger. Patches start off white and develop into green, red, or even brown.
• Areas of lifted scales which will often have ulcerations and bloating
• Temperature Dependant. Prefers the range from 59-86 degrees fahrenheit, though will still appear anywhere from 32-95 degrees Fahrenheit.

Internal Identification Factors:

• Mycelial masses in the gut (resembles terrestrial mycelium)
• peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum- the abdominal lining abdominal cavity and surrounding organs)
• Extensive hemorrhage, necrosis, and adhesion

CAUSES:

• Poor water quality and overcrowding
• Introduction of fungal spores to aquarium
• Contact with Saprolegnia spp. Through water or directly

TREATMENT:

• Medicate (Common Fungus treatments, 100mg/liter malachite green solution can be applied directly to skin)

• Necrosis and/or marbling appearing of the gills
  • Necrosis of gills may cause a notched appearance in gill filaments
• Anorexia
• Fish may be weak, listless and lethargic
• Gills may appear red
• Lesions on/in gills which appear similar to Columnaris
• Pale, anemic patches on gills
• Spores grow best between 77°F and 90°F, but can grow between 57°F and 95°F

CAUSES:

• Contact with fungal Branchiomyces sanguinis and Branchiomyces demigrans
  • B. sanguinis affects blood vessels of the gill arches, filaments, and lamellae.
  • B. demigrans is found in the parenchymal tissues of the gills
• High nutrient levels in the water and planktonic blooms
• Low oxygen levels
• Direct transmission through infected water or fish to fish contact

TREATMENT:

• Medicate (Malachite Green, potassium permanganate, common fungal medications such as fungus clear, triple sulfa, erythromycin, etc)
  • For In ponds: calcium oxide (quicklime) or 2 to 3 kg copper sulphate per hectare
  • malachite green at 0.1mg/l for extended periods of time or 0.3mg/l for 12 hours - ALWAYS FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS ON MEDS.

Images from https://ilovepets.co/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/mottled-gills-500x333.jpg and http://aquafind.com/images/Fungal-Diseases-Of-Fish1.jpg

Second image has gill cover removed. The brownish areas are necrotic patches.

• Anamorphic black fungus, also described as a dematiaceous fungus.
• Erratic Swimming followed by whirling
• Abdominal Distention
• Skin lesions may be observed
• Exophthalmia and cranial cutaneous ulcers
• Darker Coloration
• Has caused cerebral phaeohyphomycosis (central nervous system infection, brain fungal infection resulting in black, necrotic brain tissue, black pus, and black cerebrospinal fluids. Often fatal. ) in two trout types (cutthroat and lake).

Internal Identifying Features:

• Opaque capsule and enlargement of the kidney with large, raised, off-white nodules containing hyphae
• Round yellow to white masses of granulation tissue are observed in the liver, kidney and spleen with prominent enlargement of the posterior kidney.

CAUSES:

• Contact with Exophiala salmonis and/or E. psychrophila
• E. psychrophila has been identified in freshwater fish, and is more likely the cause of this illness if it is ever found in an aquarium environment.

• “Sandpaper” appearance to skin and scales
• Spine curvature
• Swinging movements may be observed
• Only affects poikilothermic animals
  • Poikilothermic = Cold-Blooded
• Sluggish
• Loss of balance

Heavy Infections may Show:

• External cysts or sores may be seen
• Loss of appetite, Lethargy and Emaciation
• Darkened coloration and rough skin
• Nervous Disorders
• Scale loss and ulceration
• Soft and flabby skeletal muscle

Internal Identification Factors:

• Swollen organs
• White to gray sores, nodules and cysts on organs
• Lesions on heart or muscle may occur
• Primarily attacks kidneys and liver
• enlarged and congested visceral organs with small ascitic fluid
• Enlarged gallbladder

CAUSES:

• Contact with Parasitic Protozoans called Ichthyophonus hoferi and I. Gasterophilum
  • This disease is often labeled as a fungal infection, though the protozoans are placed between fungi and animals. This entry was placed in fungal infections due to the common reference to it being fungal
• Consumption of inactive spores/protozoans

TREATMENT:

• NO KNOWN TREATMENT
  • HOWEVER- The following has been studied to be an efficient treatment and prevention tactic against this disease:
    • crude extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves at dose 5 ppm /kg ration
      • “Based on aforementioned results, the following conclusions could be recommended as the effective role of neem (Azadirachta indica) in the treatment of Ichthyophonosis in O. niloticus fish is more better than fucus since neem stimulated both humoral and cell mediate immunity and succeeded for the first time to eradicate all the Ichthyophonus spores in fish after three months of treatments, while fucus stimulated cell mediate immunity only and succeeded to eradicate about 75% of Ichthyophonosis spores. “ (Taken direct from “A TRIAL FOR TREATMENT OF ICHTHYOPHONOSIS IN CULTURED OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS USING FUCUS AND NEEM PLANTS” - See References for proper citation)

• Primarily attacks kidneys and livers but will spread
• Sluggish swimming
• External Cysts and Sores may be Observed
• movement disorder and imbalance, characteristic abrupt movements, rocking from side to side
• loss of body colours (effect of nervous system infection),
• body cavity exudation, dropsy, protruding scales, weight loss, white nodules in the internal organs (effect of infections of liver, kidneys, spleen, etc.),
• small, tactile hand nodules on the skin, sores and skin defects (effect of muscles infections),
• breathing problems, swimming under water surface, necrosis of gills (effect of gills infections),
• bulging eyes (pop eye),
• loss of appetite

CAUSES:

• Contact with Ichthyophonus hoferi
• Weakened Immune system
• Poor Water Quality
• Infected Food
• Overcrowding or Introduction From Contaminated Source

TREATMENT:

• Medicate (1% Phenoxethol solution in food, Chloromycetin added to food, stronger fungal infections)
  • 1% is equal to one 250 mg pill with 25g food
• Treatment is generally ineffective. Fish with advanced systems may be considered for euthanasia.