Therapeutics

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Johns Hopkins University & Johns Hopkins Hospital (updated May 11, 2020). JHMI Clinical Recommendations for Available Pharmacologic Therapies for COVID-19. JHU and JHH [INTERIM GUID]. https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/ub?cmd=repview&type=479-1141&name=11_538747_PDF

Kramer DB, Lo B, Dickert NW (May 6, 2020). CPR in the Covid-19 Era — An Ethical Framework. NEJM [GUIDANCE]. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2010758

NIH (updated Apr 21, 2020). COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. NIH [INTERIM GUIDANCE]. https://covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/introduction/

Piva S, Filippini M, Turla, Catteneo S, Margola A, Fulviis SD, et al. (Apr 14, 2020). Clinical presentation and initial management critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Brescia, Italy. J Crit Care [ACCEPTED]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.04.004

Goyal A, Cardozo-Ojeda EF, Schiffer JT (Apr 14, 2020). Potency and timing of antiviral therapy as determinants of duration of SARS CoV-2 shedding and intensity of inflammatory response. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.10.20061325

Anesi GL, Manaker S [Ed.], Finlay G [Ed.], Bloom A [Ed.] (updated Apr 13, 2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Critical care issues. UpToDate [GUIDANCE]. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-critical-care-issues

Piva S, MDCalc (Apr 10, 2020). Interview with Italian Intensivist Dr. Simone Piva, Discussing the Brescia-COVID Respiratory Severity Score (BCRSS). MDCalc COVID-19 Resource Center [INTERVIEW]. https://www.mdcalc.com/covid-19/brescia-covid-respiratory-severity-scale-bcrss-interview

Herold T, Jurinovic V, Arnreich C, Hellmuth JC, Bergwelt-Baildon Mv, Klein M, Weinberger T (Apr 10, 2020). Level of IL-6 predicts respiratory failure in hospitalized symptomatic COVID-19 patients. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.01.20047381

Edelson DP, Sasson C, Chan PS, Atkins DL, Aziz K, Becker LB, et al. (Apr 9, 2020). Interim Guidance for Basic and Advanced Life Support in Adults, Children, and Neonates With Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19... Circulation. [ONLINE]. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047463

Gattinoni L, Chiumello D, Caironi P, Busana M, Romitti F, Brazzi L, Camporota L (Apr 4, 2020). COVID-19 pneumonia: different respiratory treatment for different phenotypes? Intensive Care Medicine [ACCEPTED]; ESICM [PRE-PROOF]. https://www.esicm.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/684_author-proof.pdf

Mount Sinai Hospital (updated Apr 1, 2020). Mount Sinai Health System Treatment Guidelines for SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19). https://www.mountsinai.org/files/MSHealth/Assets/HS/About/Coronavirus/MSHS-Treatment-Guidelines-COVID.pdf

Alhazzani W, Møller MH, Arabi YM, Loeb M, Gong MN, Fan E, et al. (Mar 27, 2020). Surviving Sepsis Campaign: Guidelines on the Management of Critically Ill Adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Critical Care Medicine [ONLINE]. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000004363

Poston JT, Patel BK, Davis AM (Mar 26, 2020). Management of Critically Ill Adults With COVID-19 [Clinical Guidelines Synopsis]. JAMA [ONLINE]. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4914

Siddiqi HK, Mehra MR (Mar 20, 2020). COVID-19 Illness in Native and Immunosuppressed States: A Clinical-Therapeutic Staging Proposal. J Heart Lung Transplant [ONLINE]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2020.03.012

Ramanathan K, Antognini D, Combes A, Paden M, Zakhary B, Ogino M, et al. (Mar 20, 2020). Planning and provision of ECMO services for severe ARDS during the COVID-19 pandemic and other outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine [CORR. PROOF]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213260020301211

MS—Ministério da Saúde do Brasil (Feb 11, 2020). Protocolo de Manejo Clínico para o Novo Coronavírus (2019-nCoV). MS [PROTOCOL]. https://portalarquivos2.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2020/fevereiro/11/protocolo-manejo-coronavirus.pdf

Rocha AP, Atallah AN, et al. (May 6, 2020). COVID-19 AND PATIENTS UNDERGOING PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS FOR IMMUNE-MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY DISEASES: PROTOCOL FOR A RAPID LIVING SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.01.20087494

Riva L, Yuan S, Yin X, Martin-Sancho L, Matsunaga N, Burgstaller-Muehlbacher S, et al. (Apr 17, 2020). A Large-scale Drug Repositioning Survey for SARS-CoV-2 Antivirals. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.16.044016

CDC (updated Apr 13, 2020). Information for Clinicians on Investigational Therapeutics for Patients with COVID-19. CDC [INTERIM GUIDANCE]. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/therapeutic-options.html

Sanders JM, Monogue ML, Jodlowski TZ, Cutrell JB (Apr 13, 2020). Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—A Review. JAMA [ONLINE]. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6019

Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Zuo W (Apr 9, 2020). Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.26.919985

Liu W, Li H (Apr 9, 2020). COVID-19: Attacks the 1-Beta Chain of Hemoglobin and Captures the Porphyrin to Inhibit Human Heme Metabolism. ChemRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.11938173.v6

Moraes Dd, Paiva BVB, Cury SS, Araújo Jr JP, Mori MAdS, Carvalho RF (Apr 9, 2020). Prediction of SARS-CoV interaction with host proteins during lung aging reveals a potential role for TRIB3 in COVID-19. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.07.030767

Xing J, Shankar R, Drelich A, Paithankar S, Chekalin E, Dexheimer T, et al. (Apr 9, 2020). Reversal of Infected Host Gene Expression Identifies Repurposed Drug Candidates for COVID-19. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.07.030734

Vandelli A, Monti M, Milanetti E, Ponti RD, Tartaglia GG (Apr 9, 2020). Structural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 and predictions of the human interactome. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.28.013789

Procko E (Apr 6, 2020). The sequence of human ACE2 is suboptimal for binding the S spike protein of SARS coronavirus 2. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.16.994236

Touret F, Gilles M, Barral K, Nougairède A, Decroly E, Lamballerie Xd, Coutard B (Apr 5, 2020). In vitro screening of a FDA approved chemical library reveals potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 replication. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.03.023846

Corum J, Zimmer C (Apr 3, 2020). Bad News Wrapped in Protein: Inside the Coronavirus Genome. NYT [NEWS]. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/03/science/coronavirus-genome-bad-news-wrapped-in-protein.html

Wen W, Su W, Tang H, Le W, Zhang X, Zheng Y, et al. (Mar 27, updated Mar 31, 2020). Immune Cell Profiling of COVID-19 Patients in the Recovery Stage by Single-Cell Sequencing. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.23.20039362

Shang J, Ye G, Shi K, Wan Y, Luo C, Aihara H, Geng Q, Auerbach A, Li F (Mar 30, 2020). Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Nature [ACCEPTED, ONLINE]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2179-y

Venkatakrishnan AJ, Puranik A, Anand A, Zemmour D, Yao X, Wu X, et al. (Mar 29, 2020). Knowledge synthesis from 100 million biomedical documents augments the deep expression profiling of coronavirus receptors. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.005702

Rangan R, Zheludev IN, Das R (Mar 28, 2020). RNA genome conservation and secondary structure in SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-related viruses. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.27.012906

Jeon S, Ko M, Lee J, Choi I, Byun SY, Park S, et al. (Mar 28, 2020). Identification of antiviral drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2 from FDA-approved drugs. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.20.999730

Wang H, Hou X, Wu X, Liang T, Zhang X, Wang D, et al. (Mar 28, 2020). SARS-CoV-2 proteome microarray for mapping COVID-19 antibody interactions at amino acid resolution. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.26.994756

Belhadi D, Peiffer-Smadja N, Lescure FX, Yazdanpanah Y, Mentré F, Laouénan C (Mar 27, 2020). A brief review of antiviral drugs evaluated in registered clinical trials for COVID-19. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.18.20038190

Weston S, Haupt R, Logue J, Matthews K, Frieman M (Mar 27, 2020). FDA approved drugs with broad anti-coronaviral activity inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.25.008482

Yan R, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xia L, Guo Y, Zhou Q (Mar 27, 2020). Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2. Science 367(6485), 1444-1448. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb2762

Prasanth KR, Hirano M, Fagg WS, McAnarney E, Chan S, Xie X, et al. (Mar 27, 2020). Topoisomerase III-beta is required for efficient replication of positive-sense RNA viruses. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.005900

ASHP—American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (updated Mar 27, 2020). Assessment of Evidence for COVID-19-Related Treatments. https://www.ashp.org/-/media/assets/pharmacy-practice/resource-centers/Coronavirus/docs/ASHP-COVID-19-Evidence-Table.ashx

Li Z, Li X, Huang YY, Wu Y, Zhou L, Liu R, et al. (Mar 25, 2020). FEP-based screening prompts drug repositioning against COVID-19. bioRxiv [PRE-PROOF]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.23.004580

Kalil AC (Mar 24, 2020). Treating COVID-19—Off-Label Drug Use, Compassionate Use, and Randomized Clinical Trials During Pandemics. JAMA [ONLINE]. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4742

Rios P, Radhakrishnan A, Antony J, Thomas SM, Muller M, Straus SE, Tricco AC (Mar 23, updated Mar 25, 2020). Effectiveness and safety of antiviral or antibody treatments for coronavirus. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.19.20039008

McCreary EK, Pogue JM (Mar 23, 2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 Treatment: A Review of Early and Emerging Options. Open Forum Infect Dis 7(4), Apr 2020, ofaa105. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa105

Gordon DE, Jang GM, Bouhaddou M, Xu J, Obernier K, O'Meara MJ, et al. (Mar 22, 2020). A SARS-CoV-2-Human Protein-Protein Interaction Map Reveals Drug Targets and Potential Drug-Repurposing. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.002386

Ko M, Chang SY, Byun SY, Choi I, d’Alexandry d’Orengiani ALPH, Shum D, et al. (Mar 19, 2020). Screening of FDA-approved drugs using a MERS-CoV clinical isolate from South Korea identifies potential therapeutic options for COVID-19. bioRXiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.25.965582

Guzzi PH, Mercatelli D, Ceraolo C, Giorgi FM (Mar 17, 2020). Master Regulator Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2/Human interactome. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.15.992925

Gao Y, Yan L, Huang Y, Liu F, Zhao Y, Cao L, et al. (Mar 17, 2020). Structure of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from 2019-nCoV, a major antiviral drug target. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.16.993386

Jang KJ, Jeong S, Kang DY, Sp N, Yang YM, Kim DE (Mar 11, 2020). A high ATP concentration enhances the cooperative translocation of the SARS coronavirus helicase nsP13 in the unwinding of duplex RNA. Sci Rep 10: 4481 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61432-1

Yang G, Tan Z, Zhou L, Yang M, Peng L, Liu J, et al. (Apr 4, 2020). Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Usage is Associated with Improved Inflammatory Status and Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients With Hypertension. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.31.20038935

Wang C, Wang S, Li D, Zhao X, Han S, Wang T, et al. (Mar 31, 2020). Lectin-like Intestinal Defensin Inhibits 2019-nCoV Spike binding to ACE2. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.29.013490

Sriram K, Insel PA (Mar 30, 2020). Dangers of ACE inhibitor and ARB usage in COVID-19: evaluating the evidence. medRxiv [PREPRINT] https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.25.20043927

Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. (Mar 5, 2020). SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell [CORR. PROOF]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052

Gurwitz D (Mar 4, 2020). Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS‐CoV‐2 therapeutics. DDR [ONLINE]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.21656

Quartuccio L, Sonaglia A, et al. (May 5, 2020). Profiling COVID-19 pneumonia progressing into the cytokine storm syndrome: results from a single Italian Centre study on tocilizumab versus standard of care. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.01.20078360

Tuttle K, Minter R, Waugh K, Araya P, Ludwig M, Sempeck C, et al. (Apr 9, 2020). JAK1 inhibition blocks lethal sterile immune responses: implications for COVID-19 therapy. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.07.024455

Fintelman-Rodrigues N, Sacramento CQ, Lima CR, Silva FSd, Ferreira AC, Mattos M, et al. (Apr 6, 2020). Atazanavir inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.04.020925

Coomes EA, Haghbayan H (Apr 3, 2020). Interleukin-6 in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.30.20048058

Gao T, Hu M, Zhang X, Li H, Zhu L, Liu H, et al. (Mar 30, 2020). Highly pathogenic coronavirus N protein aggravates lung injury by MASP-2-mediated complement over-activation. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.29.20041962

Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (Mar 27, 2020). Cohort Multiple Randomized Controlled Trials Open-label of Immune Modulatory Drugs and Other Treatments in COVID-19 Patients - Sarilumab Trial - CORIMUNO-19 - SARI (CORIMUNO-SARI). NIH—US National Library of Medicine [CLINICAL TRIAL]. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04324073

Zhang D, Guo R, Lei L, Liu H, Wang Y, Wang Y, et al. (Mar 26, 2020). COVID-19 infection induces readily detectable morphological and inflammation-related phenotypic changes in peripheral blood monocytes, the severity of which correlate with patient outcome. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042655

Bian H, Zheng ZH, Wei D, Zhang Z, Kang WZ, Hao CQ, et al. (Mar 24, 2020). Meplazumab treats COVID-19 pneumonia: an open-labelled, concurrent controlled add-on clinical trial. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.21.20040691

ACE–Agency for Care Effectiveness & MOH–Ministry of Health Singapore (Mar 24, 2020). Should interleukin-6 inhibitors be used for COVID-19? MOH-ACE COVID-19 RAPID REVIEW. https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider5/clinical-evidence-summaries/il-6-inhibitors-in-covid-19-(24-march-2020).pdf

Bennardo F, Buffone C, Giudice A (Mar 21, 2020). New therapeutic opportunities for COVID-19 patients with Tocilizumab: Possible correlation of interleukin-6 receptor inhibitors with osteonecrosis of the jaws. Oral Oncology [CORR. PROOF]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104659

Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi (Mar 19, 2020). Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Sarilumab in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. NIH—US National Library of Medicine [CLINICAL TRIAL]. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04315298

Wang K, Chen W, Zhou YS, Lian JQ, Zhang Z, Du P, et al. (Mar 14, 2020). SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells via a novel route: CD147-spike protein. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.14.988345

Tang-Du Hospital (updated Feb 19, 2020). Clinical Study of Anti-CD147 Humanized Meplazumab for Injection to Treat With 2019-nCoV Pneumonia. NIH—US National Library of Medicine [CLINICAL TRIAL]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04275245

Geleris J, Sun Y, Platt J, Zucker J, Baldwin M, Hripcsak G, et al. (May 7, 2020). Observational Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. NEJM [ONLINE]. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2012410

Magagnoli J, Narendran S, Pereira F, Cummings T, Hardin JW, Sutton SS, Ambati J (Apr 21, 2020). Outcomes of hydroxychloroquine usage in United States veterans hospitalized with Covid-19. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.16.20065920

Wang J, Yu L, Li K (Apr 18, 2020). Benefits and Risks of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in the Treatment of Viral Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Placebo Randomized Controlled Trials. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.13.20064295

Mahevas M, Tran V-T, Roumier M, Chabrol A, Paule R, Guillaud C, et al. (Apr 14, 2020). No evidence of clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection with oxygen requirement: results of a study using routinely collected data to emulate a target trial. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.10.20060699

Corley MJ, Sugai C, Schotsaert M, Schwartz RE, Ndhlovu LC (Apr 14, 2020). Comparative in vitro transcriptomic analyses of COVID-19 candidate therapy hydroxychloroquine suggest limited immunomodulatory evidence of SARS-CoV-2 host response genes. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.13.039263

Pati S (Apr 14, 2020). A systematic review to assess seizure risk with chloroquine therapy in persons with epilepsy. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20056358

Tang W, Cao Z, Han M, Wang Z, Chen J, Sun W, et al. (Apr 14, 2020). Hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: an open-label, randomized, controlled trial. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.10.20060558

Borba M, Val FdA, Sampaio VS, Alexandre MA, Melo GC, Brito M, et al. (Apr 11, 2020). Chloroquine diphosphate in two different dosages as adjunctive therapy of hospitalized patients with severe respiratory syndrome in the context of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection: Preliminary safety results of a randomized, double-blinded, phase IIb clinical trial (CloroCovid-19 Study). medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.07.20056424

Lane JCE, Weaver J, Kostka K, Duarte-Salles T, Abrahao MTF, Alghoul H, et al. (Apr 10, 2020). Safety of hydroxychloroquine, alone and in combination with azithromycin, in light of rapid wide-spread use for COVID-19: a multinational, network cohort and self-controlled case series study. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20054551

Roden DM, Harrington RA, Poppas A, Russo AM (Apr 8, 2020). Considerations for Drug Interactions on QTc in Exploratory COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) Treatment. Circulation [ONLINE]. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047521

Bravo-Jeria R, Reyes MXR, Franco JVA, Acuña MP, López LAT, Rada G, COVID-19 L-OVE Working Group (Apr 8, 2020). Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19: A living systematic review protocol. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.03.20052530

Massachusetts General Hospital (updated Apr 7, 2020). Outcomes Related to COVID-19 Treated With Hydroxychloroquine Among In-patients With Symptomatic Disease (ORCHID). NIH—US National Library of Medicine [CLINICAL TRIAL]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04332991

Rajeshkumar NV, Yabuuchi S, Pai SG, Maitra A, Hidalgo M, Dang CV (Apr 4, 2020). Fatal toxicity of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with metformin in mice. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.31.018556

Hulme OJ, Wagenmakers E-J, Damkier P, Madelung CF, Siebner HR, Helweg-Larsen J, et al. (Apr 3, 2020). Reply to Gautret et al. 2020: A Bayesian reanalysis of the effects of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin on viral carriage in patients with COVID-19. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.31.20048777

Chorin E, Dai M, Shulman E, Wadhwani L, Cohen RB, Barbhaiya C, et al. (Apr 3, 2020). The QT Interval in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Treated with Hydroxychloroquine/Azithromycin. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.02.20047050

Yazdany J, Kim AHJ (Mar 31, 2020). Use of Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine During the COVID-19 Pandemic: What Every Clinician Should Know. Ann Intern Med [ONLINE]. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-1334

Pacheco RL, Riera R (Mar 31, 2020). Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine for COVID-19 infection. Rapid systematic review. J Évid-Based Healthc, 2020;2(1):xx-xx. http://dx.doi.org/10.17267/2675-021Xevidence.v2i1.2843

Chen Z, Hu J, Zhang Z, Jiang S, Han S, Yan D, et al. (Mar 31, 2020). Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.20040758

Deretic V, Timmins GS (Mar 31, 2020). Azithromycin and ciprofloxacin have a chloroquine-like effect on respiratory epithelial cells. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.29.008631

Clementi N, Criscuolo E, Diotti RA, Ferrarese R, Castelli M, Burioni R, et al. (Mar 31, 2020). Combined prophylactic and therapeutic use maximizes hydroxychloroquine anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects in vitro. bioRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.29.014407

Kapoor KM, Kapoor A (Mar 30, 2020). Role of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in the Treatment of COVID-19 Infection- A Systematic Literature Review. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042366

Rana DRSJB, Dulal S (Mar 27, 2020). Therapeutic Application of Chloroquine in Clinical Trials for COVID-19. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.20040964

Lover AA (Mar 27, 2020). Quantifying treatment effects of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin for COVID-19: a secondary analysis of an open label non-randomized clinical trial (Gautret et al, 2020). medRxiv [PREPRINT]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.20040949

Giudicessi JR, Noseworthy PA, Friedman PA, Ackerman MJ (Mar 25, 2020). Urgent Guidance for Navigating and Circumventing the QTc Prolonging and Torsadogenic Potential of Possible Pharmacotherapies for COVID19. Mayo Clin Proc [ONLINE]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.03.024

Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, Mailhe M (Mar 20, 2020). Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents [PRE-PROOF]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949

Devaux CA, Rolain JM, Colson P, Raoult D (Mar 12, 2020). New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19? International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents [PRE-PROOF]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938

Cortegiani A, Ingoglia G, Ippolito M, Giarratano A, Einav S (Mar 10, 2020). A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19. Journal of Critical Care [CORR. PROOF]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.03.005

Yao X, Ye F, Zhang M, Cui C, Huang B, Niu P, et al. (Mar 9, 2020). In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clinical Infectious Diseases [ACCEPTED], ciaa237. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa237

Touret F, Lamballerie, XD (Mar 5, 2020). Of chloroquine and COVID-19. Antiviral Research 177, 104762 [ONLINE]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104762

Colson P, Rolain JM, Lagier JC, Brouqui P, Raoult D (Mar 4, 2020). Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents [CORR. PROOF]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105932

Gao J, Tian Z, Yang X (released Feb 19, published Mar 16, 2020). Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. Biosci Trends 14(1):72-73. https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.01047

Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, et al. (Feb 4, 2020). Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Research 30(3), 269-271. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0

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